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response to these posts needed. one paragraph for each with 1 sourse
Elba
An important concern about APRN certification and licensure is the inconsistency in state rules and the absence of complete practice authority (FPA) for APRNs throughout the United States. Full Practice Authority refers to the unrestricted authority of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses to independently practice according to their level of education and training, without requiring supervision or assistance from physicians. This problem impedes Advanced Practice Registered Nurses’ capacity to fulfill the increasing need for primary care services, especially in impoverished regions, and limits patients’ ability to obtain prompt and effective healthcare. Obstacles and difficulties that have impeded the advancement of APRN practice encompass resistance from medical associations, apprehensions about patient safety and care quality, and the impact of antiquated regulatory structures. Physician groups frequently contend that Advanced Practice Registered Nurses possess insufficient training and skill compared to physicians, resulting in opposition to providing them complete independence in their practice. Nevertheless, studies have demonstrated that Advanced Practice Registered Nurses deliver secure and efficient healthcare that is on par with physicians, particularly in primary care environments. To overcome these obstacles, it is required to make legislative and regulatory amendments to update the licensure of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses and eliminate unjustified limitations on their professional responsibilities. The APRN Compact is a legislative policy that currently affects APRN practice. The APRN Compact is a reciprocal recognition framework that enables APRNs to work in many states without the requirement of acquiring extra licenses in each state. The objective is to enhance the availability of healthcare services by enabling the movement of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses while upholding regulatory supervision and ensuring patient safety requirements. According to my latest information, a number of states have proposed or implemented laws to become part of the APRN Compact, indicating an increasing acknowledgement of the necessity to simplify the licensing procedures for APRNs. Ortiz et al. (2018) propose that enhancing the independence of nurse practitioners can enhance patient outcomes. Competent and accomplished Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners have the ability to improve the availability and usage of primary healthcare services in rural regions. Increasing the level of independence for nurse practitioners could have positive effects in communities with limited access to healthcare.
Hermes
The most critical issue regarding Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) credentialing and licensure is the lack of uniformity across states (Kleinpell et al., 2021). This inconsistency complicates the practice mobility of APRNs and affects healthcare delivery, particularly in underserved areas. Despite the push for the Consensus Model for APRN Regulation, which aims to standardize licensure, accreditation, certification, and education (LACE), progress has been slow (Davis et al., 2024). Variations in state regulations mean that APRNs face differing requirements for independent practice, prescriptive authority, and scope of practice, creating barriers to effective and efficient care delivery.
One of the primary barriers to the progress of APRNs is restrictive state laws. In many states, APRNs are required to have a collaborative agreement with a physician to practice or prescribe medications, which can limit their ability to provide care, especially in rural or underserved areas where physicians may be scarce (Schorn et al., 2021). Additionally, there are often financial and bureaucratic hurdles associated with obtaining these agreements. The influence of medical boards and physician groups, who may view APRNs as competition, also contributes to maintaining these restrictive practices.
A current legislative policy that will significantly influence APRN practice is the “Improving Care and Access to Nurses (ICAN) Act” at the national level. This proposed legislation seeks to remove barriers to practice by allowing APRNs to practice to the full extent of their education and training, independent of physician oversight (ANA, 2024). If passed, the ICAN Act would standardize APRN practice regulations across all states, enhancing access to care and reducing healthcare disparities. This policy is supported by numerous national nursing organizations and has the potential to impact healthcare delivery in the United States significantly.
An example from personal experience that illustrates these points is the challenge faced in the surgical ICU where I work. Despite being fully qualified, APRNs often have to defer to physicians for tasks they are trained and capable of performing independently due to state regulations. This not only delays patient care but also adds unnecessary steps to the treatment process.

The rubric is attached, between 10-12 pages, in APA 7 format.  Can make up a fictitious patient. Powerpoint presentation as well.