Category: Public Health

These three models of cause and effect are:
Hill’s Criteria for Causation
Rothman’s Pie Model
Web of Causation
Select a specific cause-and-effect model and apply it to a disease of your choice.

4 Discussions each 250 words minimum
Discussion 1:
After viewing the two videos discuss two aspects of community change that is important in your work as a human services professional. 
Be specific in your response with examples. 


Discussion 2:
Describe at least three distinct culturally specific details about at least three cultures that were described in the case studies. 
Why is this knowledge important in health care?
(case studies attached:
Discussion 3:
MANAGMENT IN HEALTHCARE
Why some conflict is essential to effective team problem-solving? How have you solved conflict on teams you’ve been on at work or school?
Discussion 4:
Please discuss how and where you plan to locate data for the research project? What types of sources are appropriate for this project? Are you having difficulty locating data? What steps have you taken to remedy these issues?
Research project attached 

How do you use social networking in your current profession? When discussing networking, individuals often focus on connecting with family and friends. However, it is just as crucial to connect with other colleagues or peers in your field. Please review the infographic below and consider all of the opportunity’s health educators have to integrate digital health technology through social networking. Try to brainstorm one- or two more-ways health educators may experience social networking in the digital space.
For this Discussion, examine how you could use social media to network with other professionals in the health education field.
THE ASSIGNMENT:
Post an explanation of how you could use social media to network with peers or professionals in the health field. Locate one professional organization in health education that posts on social media sites. Provide the links to those sites and explain why following them might be beneficial. Additionally, explain why one-way social media use by professional organizations may be problematic. Expand on your insights utilizing and citing the Learning Resources in your discussion.

As part of your essay,you should choose a global public health issue (COVID-19) You will then explore the global public health
Issue in relation to a national context 
(NIGERIA) you identify with and another
country (USA) of your choosing or two different countries ensuring that you: 
1. Critically examine and discuss the public health issue(COVID-19) in relation to global trends and global health influences.This should include explorations of comparative or contrasting patterns of incidence and the management of the public health issues (COVID-19)between the two countries .
2. Critically analyse and evaluate the national and global public health measures relating to the public health issues (COVID-19) which are intended to improve health in the population of the two countries.(Within this you should consider principles of primary, secondary,and tertiary prevention programmes and their implications for health security.)
3. Critically appraise work on 2 out of the 3 areas,: assessment of risk, incident management, emergency planning and discuss the legal and regulatory governance which may impact on the chosen public health issue(COVID-19) in the two countries 
4. Discuss and critically evaluate the healthcare systems and health promoting capacity of both countries.this can include roles of transnational bodies such as WHO,UNICEF,CDC and others
5. Base on the discussion and critical evaluation presented in the preceding sections of your essay,you need to produce a justified case for system changes.the justification for system change should show impact on addressing the public health issues and population health in your conclusion section.
LEARNING OUTCOME 
1. Critically examine global public health issues (COVID-19), patterns and transitions.
2. Analyse primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes and their implications for health security.
3. Critically appraise the assessment and communication of risk; incident management, emergency planning and discuss the legal responsibilities towards the global public health issue(COVID-19)
4. Discuss health care systems and their capacity to promote health 
Use lots of peer review articles,
Lo1: evidence of robust and balanced critical discussion of a relevant public health issue.Consistently compares and contrasts the patterns of incidence and management of public health issue across the two countries.
Lo2: Evidence of robust and insightful critical analysis and evaluation of the national and global public health measures relating to the public health issue. Comprehensively address principles of primary ,secondary or tertiary prevention programs and their implications for health security.
Lo3. Evidence of insightful critical appraisal of a wide range of work contributing to the assessment of risk and /or incident management and /or emergency preparedness and governance in relation to the two countries with robust impact on the public health issue
Lo4: Evidence of robust and critical evaluation of the roles of the healthcare and related systems of both countries and their capacity for positively promoting health.
Clear,very well structured and professionally presented.

Help solve 48 questions in a Public Health Quiz. One question requires SAS output incidence. Mostly multiple choice questions with a few explanation questions.

Review the Learning Resources, focusing on the smallpox and polio epidemics and how health organizations applied principles of epidemiology to eradicate (or in the case of polio, nearly eradicate) these diseases.
In light of these examples, consider the benefits of addressing smallpox and polio at the population level. What were the population health strategies that were used in the efforts to eradicate smallpox and polio?
Consider similarities and differences from an epidemiologic perspective among the smallpox and polio epidemics and that of COVID-19.
Think about how principles of epidemiology are being applied—or could be applied—to address COVID-19.
What lessons from the use of infectious disease epidemiology in the past might be applicable to controlling COVID 19?
What are the benefits of addressing this issue at the population level as opposed to the individual level?
COLLEAGUE POST 1
ERADICATION OF SMALLPOX, POLIO, AND COVID-19
Smallpox, polio, and COVID-19 differ epidemiologically in terms of transmission dynamics, severity, and vaccination strategies. Smallpox, transmitted through respiratory droplets with a high mortality rate, was eradicated through vaccination campaigns targeting the entire population (Center for Global Development, n.d.). Polio, primarily fecal-oral transmitted, led to paralysis, and global efforts concentrated on mass vaccination to achieve herd immunity (World Health Organization, n.d.). COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, spreads through respiratory droplets with varying severity, prompting the application of epidemiological principles like testing, contact tracing, quarantine measures, and vaccination campaigns (Wilson et al., 2021).
The eradications of smallpox and polio offers lessons for combating COVID-19. Effective surveillance, timely interventions, and international collaboration are pivotal, emphasizing the importance of a global approach. Successful vaccination campaigns against smallpox and polio demonstrate the potential impact of widespread immunity, aligning with the urgency and coordinated efforts needed for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic (Wilson et al., 2021).
Addressing COVID-19 at the population level is crucial for comprehensive control. Population-level strategies, learned from smallpox and polio eradications, include achieving herd immunity, reducing transmission, and safeguarding vulnerable populations. While individual-level interventions are vital for clinical care, they may not suffice for widespread disease control. Therefore, a population-focused approach, informed by epidemiological principles, remains essential in the ongoing efforts against COVID-19 (Friis & Sellers, 2021).
COLLEAGUE POST 2
ERADICATION OF SMALLPOX, POLIO, AND COVID-19
Smallpox is among the oldest epidemics that occurred in the 20th century and killed more than 300 million people. Fortunately, smallpox was eradicated following a global vaccination and disease surveillance program between the 1960s and 1970s. In addition to vaccination, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recruited young physicians and public health advisors across the world who trained individuals and communities on techniques for containment. The smallpox vaccine was developed from the vaccinia virus, a weaker version of poxvirus (Rodewald, 2020). Another epidemic that is near eradication is Polio. Similar epidemiology principles used to eradicate smallpox are being used to eradicate polio and control outbreaks of other infections that cannot be eradicated. Training programs for healthcare workers and other health officials are conducted regularly to improve the management of polio outbreaks. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), in collaboration with other countries, initiated a children’s vaccine that has been essential in reducing the burden of Polio (Deressa et al., 2020). However, regions like Africa continue to fight Polio through the coordination of programs such as logistics management, resource mobilization, and social mobilization. Further, delivery of routine immunization and polio sensitization are conducted regularly.
Unlike smallpox and polio eradication, vaccination has not been sufficient in eradicating Covid-19. COVID-19 elimination has been achieved through a combination of non-pharmaceutical approaches such as physical distancing and mask-wearing that reduced transmission risk with trace strategy and effective tests that identified and treated infected persons in isolation. The intervention also included locating close contacts of infected persons and quarantining them with observation and testing. These interventions helped stop the chain of transmission and are similar to the smallpox surveillance and containment approach (Wilson et al., 2021). One of the lessons that can be learned is that protecting populations at risk requires ever-vigilant detection and response measures if the virus spreads across the world. For COVID-19, a Combination of vaccine and non-pharmaceutical measures will be crucial in providing direct protection and inducing population immunity.
The benefits of addressing the health problem at the population level include the collaboration and cooperation that is fundamental for the elimination, control, and eradication of the disease. At a population level, individuals help each other with information, knowledge, vaccines, and other technologies that make the world safer and healthier. Besides, it becomes easier for healthcare providers to detect and control virus variants at an earlier stage compared to when care is channeled individually.
NB
YOU HAVE TO POST
READ EACH POST AND POST A RESPONSE
RESPONSES MUST BE SEPARATE
EACH RESPONSE MUST HAVE AT LEAST 2 REFERENCES IN APA
EACH RESPONSE MUST HAVE A SEPARATE REFERENCE PAGE
NO DATES REFERENCES NOT ACCEPTABLE
EACH REFERENCE MUST BE LESS THAN 5 YEARS, 2019 SND ABOVE
DO NOT TAKE THIS PAPER IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE SUBJECT LINE

Discuss details of the case, parties involved, laws broken, why this is a fraud & abuse case?
What is your whistle-blowers name?
What was their role within the organization?
What do you think you would have done if you were in this situation? Blow the Whistle or Remain silent.

Read two different articles from the MMWR developed by the CDC. Complete a SOCO worksheet for each of the articles you read.
Once you are done with the above activity, answer the following questions:
Was it easy to determine the SOCO for the articles you read? Give reasons to substantiate your answer.
What could the authors have done to more easily convey their message?

Please prepare a 250 word responses to each of the student discussions posted in the attached files.

Instructions
Using the Framingham study data set, perform and interpret statistical tests that answer the following research questions. Then, provide a written analysis of your results.
At baseline, was there a significant association between diabetes (variable: diabetes1) and smoking status (variable: cursmoke1)?
At baseline, how much variation in participant cholesterol levels (variable: totchol1) could be explained by the variation in an individual’s BMI (variable: bmi1)?
Written Analysis Format and Length
Format your analysis using APA style.
An APA Style Paper Tutorial is provided to help you in writing and formatting your analysis.
Your analysis should be 3 pages long, not including the title page and references page.
Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the rubric. Be sure that your statistical analysis addresses each point, at a minimum. You may also want to read the rubric to better understand how each criterion will be assessed.
Perform the appropriate statistical tests (based on the assumption test).
Provide your rationale for test selection.
Interpret the results of your statistical tests (chi-square, correlation, and regression) for each research question.
Consider associated caveats and limitations.
Determine the practical, public health-related implications of your statistical tests (chi-square, correlation, and regression).
What evidence do you have that validates your conclusions?
Write clearly and concisely, using correct grammar, mechanics, and APA formatting.
Write for an academic audience, using appropriate statistical terminology, style, and form.
Express your main points and conclusions coherently.
Proofread your writing to minimize errors that could distract readers and make it more difficult for them to focus on the substance of your statistical analysis.
Submission Instructions
Include the test results and associated graphic in your written analysis (copied from the output and pasted into a Word document).
Submit both the Word document and the .jasp file that shows your analyses and output for this assignment. Make sure you save your .jasp file after running your analyses to ensure you are uploading your output.