Category: Public Health

Journal
Assignment
Content
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Reflect upon
how you can apply the concepts learned in this course to your current or future
career. How might the lessons you have learned positively impact your career
success?
Your journal
entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are
necessary.
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Form

Consider these astounding facts from the World Health Organization (2019):
Two billion people do not have basic sanitation facilities such as toilets.
Over 10% of the world’s population eat food irrigated by untreated wastewater.
Poor sanitation is linked to diseases such as cholera (up to 4 million cases a year) and typhoid (up to 20 million cases a year).
Global child malnutrition is down from 39.3% in 1990 to 21.3% in 2020, but this still leaves one in five children undernourished, even in the United States.
A “western diet” of processed foods contributes to chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer.
The United Nations General Assembly recognized access to safe, clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right in 2010, and there has been progress toward universal access to clean drinking water, but access to sanitation is lagging. A large proportion of untreated or partially treated wastewater in developing countries continues to be discharged into rivers, lakes, and ultimately, the oceans. The World Health Organization estimates that half the world’s population will be living in water-stressed areas by 2025 (WHO, 2019).
With food, the situation is similar. Child malnutrition rates are lower than 30 years ago, but many millions of children and adults often go to sleep hungry. Food production increased dramatically in the last century with new seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, but these required more water and money, and they depleted the soil. Farmers went bankrupt, and productivity declined. Nutritional standards also fell as whole populations were weaned away from traditional balanced diets to processed foods, and the prevalence of diet-related diseases like diabetes became pandemic.
Strategies to addressing these fundamental global health problems include recycling wastewater, improved water collection and irrigation methods, organic food production, soil development, and strengthening of food distribution systems. However, these strategies, like public health work on many problems, are subject to intense political, financial, technical, and administrative forces.
Access to clean water and adequate food are social and environmental determinants of health and are themselves determined by other factors. This kind of complexity is common to many public health problems and demonstrates why we must reach across disciplines and technical and political boundaries to find solutions. A core message in this course is that a ‘web’ of determinants lies beneath most global health problems, and to address them we need to think and act collectively.
In this Discussion, you will look at how a “web” of social, environmental, and economic factors contribute to a health problem related to either water or food. Your Instructor will assign your topic to consider a water-related or food-related disease or health problem. You will analyze the “web of causation” for that disease or health problem and investigate how the problem is (or is not) being addressed. You will create a presentation to explain the problem and what has been done to address the problem.
THE ASSIGNMENT: THIS IS A POWER POINT I DO NOT NEEED SPEAKER NOTES CHANGE BID TO FIT
Prepare a 10-slide PowerPoint (PPT) Presentation (including title slide and reference slide)
Your Discussion submission will consist of a PowerPoint (PPT) presentation with brief “speaker notes” that identifies a water-related or food-related disease, explains the main contributing factors for that disease, and investigates how the problem is (or is not) being addressed. The speaker notes for each slide have a paragraph requirement, so be sure to follow the instructions in the template. It is not necessary to provide a recorded audio narration.
The presentation should be for public health professionals in a professional context. A single slide may not contain more than 50 words, so that it can be read at a glance. Remember, this is not an essay, but a brief presentation, which is typical at a professional conference. Your ten slides should include the following: 
Title slide
Analysis of the relationship among water (or food) and global health problems.
Explanation of a specific global health problem related to water (or food).
Explanation of three determinants of the chosen problem.
Analysis of how the above determinants may be impacted by climate change.
Explanation of what is or could be done to resolve the problem.
Support your presentation with evidence citing scholarly literature:
Reference slide: Five or more peer reviewed articles, less than 5 years old.
All references must be in APA format (7th edition). 
Note: Where you provide a reference, you must cite it in text at least once. Your citations must be in the PPT slide as well as in the speaker notes.
EACH  BULLEt POINT NEEDS TO BE ADDRESSED  

responding to the following prompt and responding to at least two classmate’s posts and participating in the discussion at least two times during the week. Support your post with readings from the learning materials and additional scholarly sources. Cite your sources using proper APA formatting. Surveillance systems collect health related data in a population. Epidemiologists can use the data from these surveillance systems to answer questions about health issues and propose solutions to improve health outcomes.
Each of these articles reports on research using a national surveillance system in the United States. Choose one of the articles and answer the questions in the prompt. You will want to do some research on the surveillance system for your discussion.
In replies, compare your thoughts and the surveillance systems.
Stone, C. A. (2020). A population-based measure of chronic disease severity for health planning and evaluation in the United States. AIMS Public Health. 7(1): 44–65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109540/
THIS IS THE ARTICLE TO USE
Discuss the following about the article you selected:
What surveillance system did the researchers use? What is the unique purpose of this surveillance system?
How does the surveillance system collect data from the population?
Why do you think the researcher chose this data source?
What variables did the researchers use from the surveillance system?
Do you think the data source(s) were effective or ineffective for characterizing the health issue and proposing interventions? Why? You should do some investigation into the surveillance system to answer this.
Propose a different surveillance system data source the authors could have used.

TAssignment
Content
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Social determinants of health could be interrelated and
could be the reason for unhealthy or risky health behaviors and attributes that
lead to negative outcomes. Public health officials must constantly look for
ways in which they can eliminate some of these problems in the society.
For the Unit
VII Case Study, you will take on the role of a public health leader in your
community and develop a plan for other officials that addresses the following.
Describe
a social determinant of health in your community that has produced health
risks and outcomes.
Based
on your research, what do you see as the biggest issue facing your
community? 
Describe
how the community is presently tackling the problem through the local
public health department.
Propose
a resolution for the health risk and outcome caused by the social
determinants.
Explain
how these unhealthy behaviors and attributes could be reduced or
eradicated in the society.
How
would you reduce medical costs in your community? 
Explain
how the government can implement your plan into law for the common good.
Your case study must be a
minimum of three pages in length, excluding the title and reference pages. To
support your ideas, use a minimum of three outside sources; one must be from the CSU
Online Library (We use this online Book Introduction to Public Health by Mary-Jane Schneider,
this assignment is on Chapter 13 and Chapter 14) . Additionally, use a
source that focuses on your community, such as a newspaper or journal article.
Remember
that all written assignments must be formatted using APA style, including
in-text citations and references.
The assignment should be for the Baltimore City Community in Maryland. 

In addition to maternal mortality rates, infant mortality and under-5 child mortality are high in low-income populations, and mitigating these issues involves promoting the health of both women and children. Throughout the world, since the landmark WHO/UNICEF Alma Ata Declaration, community health workers have been the health professionals charged with providing essential public health and health care services to women and children.
In this Assignment, you will explore the health problems faced by women, infants and children and the global health indicators used to plan the interventions and strategies to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this vulnerable population. In addition, you will examine the role of community health workers in the strategies you have researched.
Review the module Learning Resources.
Choose a low-income population (not one from this week’s Glassman readings).
Research maternal, infant, and child health morbidity and mortality in the population you have chosen.
Research strategies being used to address maternal, infant, and child health morbidity and mortality in this population. Brainstorm other words for strategies, e.g. interventions. This element may be included in the articles you found in the above search.
Download the assessment template provided in the Learning Resources to complete your Assignment.
Your response should address the following prompts:
Choose a low-income population to focus your assignment on.
Explain why women of child-bearing age, infants, and children are considered vulnerable populations.
Explain at least three health problems faced by women, infants, and children in the population you have chosen.
Explain the importance of maternal and child health indicators in global health.
Include data for maternal and child health morbidity and mortality for the population you chose.
Explain the strategies used to reduce maternal and child health morbidity and mortality, including the role of community health workers.
Support your response with at least five scholarly resources and properly cite/reference using APA 7th edition.
THE TEMPLATE IS ATTACHED THAT NEEDS TO BE USED FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT
5 resources within the last 5 years 

Global health problems are generally considered those that transcend national borders; they are often studied in terms of diseases and their prevalence in the world, and their international, political, and economic impacts. Within this broad field, the term international health is often used to refer to health in poorer, less industrialized countries, and foreign aid efforts by developed or industrialized countries.
The major organizations engaged in international health are the agencies of the United Nations—like the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the World Food Programme (WFP). Many affluent nations also provide bilateral aid to countries they wish to engage as allies, for example, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
The work of these agencies includes: (1) documenting the prevalence of diseases and their determinants; (2) assisting in emergency situations (e.g., war, earthquakes, epidemics of cholera or flu); (3) helping to prevent communicable diseases like malaria and measles, and chronic diseases like diabetes; and (4) providing a forum for nations to discuss and make agreements about health problems. 
In recent years, a trend has grown in global health toward inclusion and equity, with researchers and practitioners working side by side with community leaders and other local stakeholders in collaborative research, policy development, and program planning. This has resulted in projects that are developed to satisfy local needs, rather than coming from a “top-down” one-size-fits-all approach. For example, investment in village-level community health workers rather than prestigious hospitals in capital cities has proven to be effective in improving health outcomes.
In this Discussion, you will explore how a public health project that embraces community involvement can advance health equity for the local populations and whether the project is effectively customized to their needs. Keep in mind as you read how the lessons and methods used can be adapted to meet the needs of other communities and populations.
Post a response in which you:
Briefly describe the case study assigned for the Discussion and why it is significant from a public health perspective. In addition, respond to the following:
Explain what you learned from the case study about the importance of customizing projects to meet local needs.
Explain if and how the project demonstrates the involvement of community members to advance health equity.
Explain how you might adapt the methods used in the case study and apply them to a different community or context.
EACH BULLET POINT NEEDS TO BE BOLDED AND ADDRESSED THROUGHLY
case study is below
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/waldenu/reader.action?docID=4518888&ppg=96
the case study needs to be cited

Find two primary peer-reviewed journal articles (No meta-analysis or review articles) that examine the same hypothesis, using different study designs. Answer 10 questions.

Seven out of 10 deaths worldwide and 85% of deaths in low- and middle-income countries can be attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like cancer, diabetes, and asthma (CDC, n.d.). In public health, they are also referred to chronic diseases. The World Health Organization recognizes mortality related to NCDs as an invisible epidemic and an under-appreciated cause of poverty hindering the economic development of many countries.
Aside from lifestyle and environmental factors known to contribute to these diseases, a literature is now emerging on the role of industrialization and climate change.  E.g. In low- and middle-income countries, we see a rapid transition to higher rates of obesity and NCD mortality, and lower infectious disease mortality.
The theory of epidemiologic transition was developed by Omran (1971) who proposed that changes in socio-demographic and environmental variables lead to specific transitions in patterns of health and disease. For example, low- and middle-income countries that industrialize see a reduction in communicable diseases and an increase in chronic NCDs. The task of managing data on a global basis is monumental, and as data has accrued so the theory has been modified to take account of different models of transition. One major effort to manage these data is the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborators, 2020), which aims to bring together all available epidemiological reports so that comparisons of health loss can be made across causes and populations (Birn et al., 2017; Murray, 2015).
In this Discussion, you will consider the role of public health professionals and the needs of the people they care for in light of the epidemiologic transition theory. Conceptually, the theory of epidemiologic transition focuses on the complex change in patterns of health and disease and on the interactions between these patterns and their demographic, economic, and sociologic determinants and consequences (Birn et al., 2017). The epidemiologic transition describes changing population patterns of population age distributions, mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and causes of death.
Consider epidemiologic transition and research how it applies to the world today.
Note: The epidemiologic transition is but one theory. Another view is the ecosocial theory of disease distribution (Kriger, 2020), which situates both population health and epidemiologic theory in a social and ecologic context. (See the Optional Resources.)
THE ASSIGNMENT:
Post a response in which you:
Describe two challenges to public health systems and professionals when addressing non-communicable, epidemic-level diseases as well as chronic health issues.
Explain how these two challenges could be addressed moving forward.
Explain the theory of epidemiological transition in relation to two public health problems, with scholarly references.
EACH BULLET NEEDS TO BE BOLDED AND ADDRESSED

The advancements of many scientists, in multiple fields, can often be attributed to the work of those who came before us. We rely on the experience and research of public health practitioners who came before us, and this is sometimes a traditional method established long ago. Consider the use of quarantine to limit the spread of communicable diseases. Quarantine practices have been used since the 14th century beginning with the European plague epidemic of 1347–1352 (Tognotti, 2013) and subsequently used in the 18th century for yellow fever and the 19th century for cholera.
However, as COVID-19 has demonstrated, quarantine and other methods for curbing community infection, raise a variety of political, economic, social, and ethical issues that may become obstacles to an effective public health response. In our global world, there is an increased risk of the emergence and rapid spread of infectious diseases, causing great distress, overburdened health care systems, fear, panic, anger, all amplified by global media. We rely on the proper planning and mandated use of public health measures to keep people healthy and safe. “Successful responses to public health emergencies must heed the valuable lessons of the past” (Tognotti, 2013).
In this Discussion, you will explore the lessons public health professionals learned from the 1918–1919 global Spanish influenza outbreak and how they have been translated into improved pandemic responses that have been put into practice since then.
Review the module Learning Resources.
Research the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, commonly known as Spanish Flu.
Use information found in the Walden Library as well as other scholarly sources to find information.
Choose resources which are specific to the public health aspects of the pandemic.
Research public health aspects of a recent infectious disease epidemic or pandemic using the Walden Library to locate peer-reviewed articles. For this assignment, you may also use other scholarly sources – reports (organizations, governments, etc.), conference presentations, etc.
THE ASSIGNMENT
Post a response in which you:  PART ONE 
Describe three lessons that can be learned from the 1918–1919 Spanish influenza outbreak. For each lesson, explain:
The nature of the lesson.
The context in which the lesson became clear.
The individuals, groups, or stakeholders that were involved.
The earliest source that can be found that published the lesson.
Post a response in which you: PART TWO
Describe the most recent or current global epidemic or recent pandemic, including information about
The disease.
The population at risk or most affected by it.
The public health response.
Stakeholders involved in planning and implementing this response.
The response of the public.
How public health agencies attempted to guard against misinformation and the role they played in addressing it.
EACH BULLET NEEDS TO BE BOLDED AND ADDRESSED AND SEPERATE PART ONE FROM PART TWO

One of the aspects of scholarly work is giving attribution to ideas and information sources that you use—giving credit where it is due. Failure to do so diminishes your credibility and violates the principles of academic integrity. Plagiarism is the presentation of work done by others as your own work without giving credit. This can occur deliberately or inadvertently, but in either case, it is a violation of academic integrity.
Review The Plagiarism Spectrum and the other learning resources for this week. 
webstite for the plagiarism spectrum; use as a reference 
https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/?scrlybrkr=0ee513fe
The two most common violations (Clone and CTRL-C) may be most familiar to you. Reflect on the 8 less common violations, identify one that you may have committed (or you could imagine committing due to carelessness) and share steps you can take to avoid. 
BY DAY 4
Post a 3- to 4-paragraph explanation of (1) a type of plagiarism you now better understand, (2) how you might avoid committing one of the types of plagiarism described, (3) the use of AI in academic writing,  and (4) how you will to ethically utilize artificial intelligence tools in your academic world.