Category: Psychology

Participation Expectations
For each discussion activity, you are responsible for posting at least one substantive initial response to the discussion questions posed, as well, as a reply to at least two other postings made by your classmates.
Your initial substantive posting should be a thoughtful reflection on at least one aspect of the discussion theme or question posed and can either initiate a line of discussion or be in response to someone else’s posting (i.e., adding your own perspective or additional research to it). Keep in mind that quality is better than quantity and “me too” and “I agree” type postings add little to the conversation. Your postings should demonstrate that you have read and thought about the course material. You are encouraged to reference your course textbook in your postings as well as other relevant outside literature.
Some points to keep in mind:
Be clear and to the point in your postings.
Edit your work. Your posts should be coherent and use proper grammar and spelling.
Keep postings to 300-350 words. Quality is better than quantity.
Contribute your own thoughts about the material you have read.
Support your thoughts by referencing the textbook or other outside literature.
Raise additional questions or points of discussion to stimulate further discussion.
If you have questions, show that you have already tried to find a solution.
Respect the viewpoints of your peers. Ask for clarification if you don’t understand a point. Assume good intentions.
Use the proper terminology introduced in the course readings.
When using literature in your postings, make sure to provide references in proper APA Style.
Show respect and sensitivity to peers’ gender, cultural and linguistic background, political, and religious beliefs.
You are strongly encouraged to take the time to review the following documents on writing quality discussion posting and on taking roles in discussions.
PREPARING TO WRITE
1. Read assigned material—critically—and take notes as you read: Who wrote this material (a respected expert? an activist with a specific aim or belief?) Do they have any possible biases? Are studies reliable and valid? (What kind of research was performed?) When was this material written? Are the definitions/conditions/opinions described still accur vant? ate/rele Is an opinion expressed? How might someone disagree? How does this material relate to other concepts and theories you are studying? (Remember, instructors choose readings with a plan in mind—try to imagine why they have assigned this reading) Does the article complement other things you have learned? Is it in opposition? 2. Read and understand the discussion question or topic provided by your instructor • What are you asked to do? (Formulate an opinion? Respond to a question? Explain a concept or theory?) • How are you asked to do this? What kind of information are you expected to include (e.g., supporting quotations or references, examples, etc.) Do you need to bring in outside research? 3. Sort out the finer details • Is there a word maximum? Minimum? (Most posts will be 1‐2 paragraphs maximum). • How many times are you expected to post? (Find out if you are required to post a certain number of times per question, per week, etc.) • How much of your grade is this component worth?Each post? Budget your time accordingly
A.re you expected to respond to other students’ posts? What proportion of original posts versus responses are you asked to provide?
INITIAL POSTS – An initial post is a response to the original question presented by the course instructor, or the opening post on a particular topic (i.e., not responding to other students’ posts). Consider each post a “mini‐thesis,” in which you state a position and provide support for it. If you are responding to a question, be sure to 1. Take a position: Provide a clear answer to the question (incorporate some of the wording of the question in your answer if possible). 2. Offer a reasoned argument: Provide an explanation for your point of view, and use evidence from your text, notes, or outside research (where appropriate) to support your point. 3. Stay focused: End with a summary comment to explain the connection between your evidence and the question (how your evidence proves your point). Your post might also introduce a question or idea that others can follow up on. But make sure you have answered the question first!
Discusssion Marking rubric.
A+ Discussion Post A+
Initial Post
/2.5 points
deliver information that is full of thought, insight, and analysis • make insightful connections to course content • make insightful connections to real-life situations • contain rich and fully developed new ideas, connections, or applications • contain no spelling errors and typos
Question of discussion is –
Who are you?
Use this discussion area to complete the discussion activity in Unit 02.
For this discussion, you are asked to think about yourself. Describe your characteristics. Explain how you came to become the person you call yourself. Identify any positive self-illusions you might have and list some examples. Do the values of your culture have a role in defining yourself?
Refer to the Outline for the specific dates for this discussion and when your initial response should be posted by. Discussion participation expectations can be found in the Assessments section of the course website.
During the week, be sure to spend some time reviewing and responding to the posts of your discussion group members.Write in 300-350 words.
Describe your characteristics. Explain how you came to become the person you call yourself.
These are the characterstics :
social preceptionHOW WE THINK, FEEL, AND ACT IN THE SOCIAL WORLD
Social psychology also examines how people form impressions and make inferences about other people and events in the social world, a process called social perception. We form these impressions easily and frequently—we decide why our favourite hockey team won the game, why a grade on a test was lower than we expected, and why our best friend’s dating relationship probably would not last.
social perception – HOW WE THINK, FEEL, AND ACT IN THE SOCIAL WORLD
Social psychology also examines how people form impressions and make inferences about other people and events in the social world, a process called social perception. We form these impressions easily and frequently—we decide why our favourite hockey team won the game, why a grade on a test was lower than we expected, and why our best friend’s dating relationship probably would not last.
social perception – how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people and events in the social world
Social Influence Another central issue examined by social psychologists is social influence—the impact of other people’s attitudes and behaviour, or even their mere presence, on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. In some cases, social influence is very direct: advertising messages are a good example of deliberate efforts to influence our attitudes and behaviour. In other cases, however, social influence is very subtle. We are, for example, less likely to help a person in need if we are in a large group than if we are alone with the person, in part because we don’t feel personally responsible for helping when there are others around us.
social influence – the impact of other people’s attitudes and behaviours on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour
self fulfiling prophecy reading in book.
HOW OUR ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR SHAPE THE SOCIAL WORLD
Finally, social psychology also examines how our attitudes and behaviours can shape the social world. Through the process called self‐fulfilling prophecy, people’s expectations about someone else’s traits influence how they act toward that person. In turn, these actions elicit the behaviour that is expected. The self‐fulfilling prophecy therefore leads people to confirm whatever beliefs they have and makes it very difficult for these beliefs to be disconfirmed.
self‐fulfilling prophecy – the process by which people’s expectations about a person lead them to elicit behaviour that confirms these expectations
Social cognitionA particular type of social perception, social cognition, describes how we think about others and the social world. At times, we see the world accurately. For example, you might assume that expensive restaurants serve better food than do cheap restaurants—and this is a pretty good rule of thumb (or heuristic). But in some cases, we tend to make errors in our judgments about people and events. For example, many people are more afraid of air travel than road travel. In reality, every year, the number of people who die in car accidents is greater than that in airplane accidents, suggesting that our fear of air travel isn’t well founded.
social cognition – how we think about the social world, and in particular how we select, interpret, and use information to make judgments about the world
Content from book
Do the values of your culture have a role in defining yourself? for this part of question take help of this reading content from book donot use chatgpt and Ai at all. Write in own words. Do use AI AND CHATGPT.
CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology has its roots in Western Europe and the United States; therefore psychological knowledge reflects cultural traditions in these regions of the world. It has been argued that psychology is largely culture‐bound, not only in terms of its origin but also in terms of its concepts and its research findings, which represent only a particular and small part of the world (Berry, 2013; Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010). Psychology has been criticized for being culture blind as it has largely ignored the influence of culture on human emotion, cognition, and behaviour (Berry, 2013). In fact, psychological knowledge from many parts of the world including most African nations, most Arab countries, South America, Russia, India, China, and first nations in Americas and Pacific regions is missing (Berry, 2013).
Cultural psychology examines how culture shapes people by focusing on the processes that people become encultured in their own culture (Cohen, 2015). Cultural psychologists study how certain beliefs, attitudes, values, and particular patterns of behaviour have developed in a culture. Sternberg (2014) has argued that various cultures have different ways of seeing and evaluating people and interpreting their behaviours, goals, and intelligence. What is highly valued in one culture may be devalued, or looked down on, in another.
Cultural and cross‐cultural research not only identify cultural differences but also highlight cultural similarities—both are equally important. By identifying cultural differences, we can recognize the diversity of human behaviour, thought processes, and emotional expressions. For example, if intelligence is defined and understood differently across cultures, our theoretical framework of intelligence should be modified and expanded to include these cultural variations. On the other hand, by identifying cultural similarities, shared psychological mechanisms are established. This highlights the universality and the commonality of a certain psychological process, which helps with developing a global psychology (Berry, 2013; Wang, 2017).
As you read subsequent chapters, you will notice that although many cultural and cross‐cultural psychological research are described and discussed, they are far fewer than social psychological research that are conducted in the West. This is a reflection of the discipline that psychology is still mostly produced in the West and made available to the rest of the world. Local psychology is generally not valued, misrepresented, and not shared in the West. The outcome of the current state of affair is that we have a limited knowledge of human psychology.
wriite in 300 words. foloow proper guidlibes as given in begning. Use AP7 STYLE OWL PURDE. Provide refrence.
Write in on own words.
Some points to keep in mind:
Be clear and to the point in your postings.
Edit your work. Your posts should be coherent and use proper grammar and spelling.
Keep postings to 300-350 words. Quality is better than quantity.
Contribute your own thoughts about the material you have read.
Support your thoughts by referencing the textbook or other outside literature.
Raise additional questions or points of discussion to stimulate further discussion.
If you have questions, show that you have already tried to find a solution.
Respect the viewpoints of your peers. Ask for clarification if you don’t understand a point. Assume good intentions.
Use the proper terminology introduced in the course readings.
When using literature in your postings, make sure to provide references in proper APA Style.
Show respect and sensitivity to peers’ gender, cultural and linguistic background, political, and religious beliefs.

Purpose:
In this assignment, you will analyze how communication skills can be addressed in the typical early childhood environment. It is important to give young children with ASD proper strategies and environmental support that meet their individual needs. Always be sure to give young children a voice in their environment.
Scenario: ASD Case Study: Molly
Molly is a 4-year-old preschool student with ASD and significant expressive and receptive language deficits. She seldom uses her language spontaneously to communicate with peers and teachers. She has a difficult time following directions and transitioning from one activity to the next. Molly is very fearful of social situations and often avoids social interactions. Molly spends the vast majority of her time on the playground alone with little peer interaction. Molly engages in stereotypical behaviors such as hand flapping, vocalizations, and eye gazing. She has been noted to slap herself in the head and has recently begun slapping parents and teachers. Molly is noted to have a short attention span, poor motor coordination, difficulty tying her shoes and managing snaps and buttons, and sensory-seeking needs.
Assignment Directions
Based on the above case study of Molly, you will write a 1–2-page informative essay that analyzes how Molly’s communication skills can be addressed. This essay should include specific examples of strategies and environmental supports that would be beneficial for Molly given her identified individual needs. 
Introduction
Briefly summarize the case study and identify how this paper will help address Molly’s needs in communication skills.
Communication Skills
Analyze how Molly’s communication skills can be addressed in the typical early childhood environment.
Include specific examples of strategies and environmental supports that would be beneficial for Molly given her identified individual needs.
Conclusion
Link the strategies and supports you have provided above to illustrate the characteristics of the recommended learning environment for Molly.
Assignment Guidelines
Your assignment should include the following elements:
Title page: Provide your name, section number, and date.
Body: In 1– 2 pages, answer all the questions in complete sentences and paragraphs.
Your responses should reflect professional writing standards using proper tone and language and be free of spelling and grammatical errors. The writing and writing style should be correct and accurate and reflect knowledge of early childhood education theories and practices.
Reference page: Sources in APA format
Please include at least two different references in your responses.
Your full references should be listed alphabetically on the reference page.
Use Arial or Times New Roman 12-point font, double-spaced and left-aligned.
Use standard 1″ margins on all sides.
Use current APA formatting and citation style throughout your paper.

In this literature review, you will explore and integrate psychological research into a literature review, addressing current trends in three major areas of clinical and counseling psychology: ASSESSMENT, CLINICAL WORK, and PREVENTION. In your review, include the following headings, and address the required content. ASSESSMENT Support this section with information from the Ryder et al. (2011) article “Towards a Cultural-Clinical Psychology” and at least one additional peer-reviewed article from the University of Arizona Global Campus Library. Compare the assessments currently in use by clinical and counseling psychologists. Explain the trend toward cultural-clinical psychology and the suitability of clinical assessments with diverse clients. CLINICAL WORK Support this section using a minimum of three peer-reviewed articles from the University of Arizona Global Campus Library. The recommended articles for this week may be useful in generating your response. Compare and contrast technical eclecticism, assimilative integration and theoretical integration. Provide a historical context and identify the major theorists for each perspective. Assess the trends in psychotherapy integration. List three pros and cons for each perspective, sharing which perspective most closely aligns with your own. Analyze the major trends in psychology and explain the connection between evidenced-based practices and psychotherapy integration. PREVENTION Review the “Guidelines for Prevention in Psychology” (American Psychological Association, 2014), and support this section with information from the Hage, et al. (2007) “Walking the Talk: Implementing the Prevention Guidelines and Transforming the Profession of Psychology,” and Rivera-Mosquera, et al. (2007) “Prevention Activities in Professional Psychology: A Reaction to the Prevention Guidelines” articles. Describe general prevention strategies implemented by clinical and counseling psychologists at the micro, meso, exo, and macro levels. The Literature Review Must be 7 to 10 double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Writing CenterLinks to an external site.. Must include a separate title page with the following: Title of paper Student’s name University name (The University of Arizona Global Campus) Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must use at least seven peer-reviewed sources in addition to the course text. Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Writing Center. Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Writing Center.

Good morning, sir. I’m just reaching out to see if you’re available to help me with my homework. I have nothing extra to send; the worksheet explains it all—it’s just a case study.

Describe the role of biology and culture in the field of social psychology, after 1990. How do you think the field will change because of this more recent shift?

Course Paper Description: The goal of the final project is for students to apply their learning to understanding how the different kinds of things we do influence our cognitive development. For their final projects, students will complete a 6- to 8-page paper proposing a study testing the effect of an activity on an aspect of cognitive development. Students will choose 1 aspect of cognition, an age range, and design an experiment to test how an activity influences that aspect of cognition at those ages.
Course Paper Overview: The course paper is a 6- to 8-page experiment proposal (no title page), in which the student (a) summarizes prior research about the development of the chosen aspect of cognition and what might influence development of that aspect of cognition, (b) develops a hypothesis for how an activity or intervention might effect that aspect of cognition, (c) proposes a study and statistical analyses to test the hypothesis, and (d) considers the empirical and societal implications should the data support the hypothesis. Students must reference at least 3 peer-reviewed, empirical (research) articles.
Part 1 Instructions: Part 1 will be an approx. 3.5-page introduction to the topic of the paper. Students will write the first portion of the paper, save the document as a pdf and upload to Canvas in the Week 7 Discussion Section Module. Part 1 is due BEFORE discussion section on May 14, 2024.
Grading: Part 1 will be graded out of 28 points (see rubric on page 3) and counts for 5% of the final grade.
Part 1 Late policy: 5 point penalty if submitted by Tuesday, May 14, 2024 @ 11:59pm; 7 point penalty if submitted by Wednesday, May 15, 2024 @ 11:59pm; 10 point penalty anytime after Wednesday, May 15, 2024 @ 11:59pm

.Annotated Bibliographies and Literature Reviews
During this unit, you will finish writing your annotated bibliography. In the following unit, you will develop your literature review, synthesizing the research findings you included in the annotated bibliography.
You will compare and contrast annotated bibliographies and literature reviews for this discussion.
Describe what an annotated bibliography entails.
Describe what a literature review entails.
How does a literature review differ from an annotated bibliography?
How can researchers use an annotated bibliography when writing a literature review?

This week you will start writing your final paper. As you review the Method section, it is important for you to understand sample size. Watch the following videos and answer the questions:
Watch these two videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uYNVCy-8NA (explanation of effect size); https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lr-i4Ugoc5M (discussion on sample size).
Answer the following questions:In your own words, what is an effect size?
What is one of the problems of having a small sample for your experiment?
How does the effect size and your ability to collect a large sample influence whether your study is feasible?
Describe one study you would be interested in doing, but it is likely not feasible because you cannot get an adequate sample size.
Review a classmate’s proposed study and suggest one way to alter that study to decrease the necessary sample size (i.e., suggest a slightly different experiment that may have a larger effect).

All instructions are attached as screenshots
Topics to be chosen from: The Self, Beliefs and Judgements, Behavior and Attiudes, Genes Culture and Gender, Conformity/Obedience, Persuasion, Group Influence, Prejudice, Aggression, Attraction and Intimacy, Psychology in Court.

Lab Assignment 3
Name: __________________________
Complete all questions and be sure to show all work and calculations. Even if you indicate the correct answer, failure to show all work and calculations will result in missed points for the question. Partial credit can be earned for incorrect responses with appropriate work and calculations demonstrated.
An educational psychologist studies the effect of frequent testing on retention of class material. In one section of an introductory course, students are given quizzes each week. A second section of the same course receives only two tests during the semester. At the end of the semester, both sections receive the same final exam, and the scores are summarized below:
Weekly Quizzes n = 20
M = 73 1.
2.
3.
4.
Two Exams n = 20
M = 68
Write out the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis for this study.
If the first sample variance is s2 = 38 and the second sample has s2 = 42, do the data indicate that testing frequency has a significant effect on performance? Use a two-tailed test at the .05 level of significance. (Note: because the two samples are the same size, the pooled variance is simply the average of the two sample variances.)
If the first sample variance has s2 = 84 and the second sample has s2 = 96, do the data indicate that testing frequency has a significant effect? Again, use a two-tailed test with α = .05.
Describe how the size of the variance affects the outcome of the hypothesis test.
The following data are from an independent-measures experiment comparing two treatment conditions:
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 6 19
13 9
8 18
4 10
13 12
4 14
11 19
5 11
5. Calculate the mean and standard deviation for Treatment 1 and Treatment 2.
PSY 241: Quantitative Methods in Psychology Lab Assignment 3
Do these data indicate a significant difference between the treatments at the .05 level of significance?
Compute r2 to measure the size of the treatment effect.
Write a sentence demonstrating how the outcome of the hypothesis test and the measure
of effect size would appear in a research report.