Category: Physiology

Psychologist John Bowlby coined the term attachment as it relates to child development. Attachment refers to the process in which an infant bonds with primary caregivers. Attachment was once thought to be heavily influenced by the provision of food; that is, it was assumed that an infant would form the strongest bond with the caregiver who supplied food. However, Bowlby suggested that the process of attachment was much more nuanced and complex. Another well-known theorist who studied attachment at the time was Mary Ainsworth. While there are differences between Bowlby’s and Ainsworth’s attachment theories, both theories attempt to explain how attachment occurs, classify different attachment styles, and assert that the strength of attachment with one’s primary caregivers has a profound effect on social, emotional, and cognitive development and relationships later in life. However, it is important to keep in mind that psychological concepts and phenomena, such as attachment, are culturally bound. What is considered to be normal in one culture may be considered to be atypical in another culture, and vice versa. In this discussion, you will explore the applicability of Bowlby’s and Ainsworth’s theories of attachment in the context of two different cultures.
Describe the two cultures you selected. Then, explain the similarities and differences in attachment in these two cultures. Include whether the differences might impact infants’ well-being in the two cultures and why or why not. Be specific.

Post a response to the following:
Describe your favorite toy or game as a child. Indicate at which cognitive stage of development you were when you played with this toy and explain how your play reflected that stage of cognitive development. Provide scholarly citations and references to support your post.
Note: Support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources and any additional sources you identify using both in-text citations and references. It is strongly recommended that you include proper APA format and citations.

Evaluating the accuracy of the garmin vivofit 
Device to the indirect calorimetry. The 
instructions is on the attached file. The results
(Data) Is in there as well and needs to be run
Off (SPSS) for test of normality, working out 
standard deviation & mean for each stage 
and the Relationship between energy  and treadmill speed for mean energy expenditure.
referencing: APA Harvard 6th Ed.   The 
references  you include in the intro HAVE to be 
In the discussion. No new references can be 
Added to the discussion section. This is level 5
University level.  The method section only needs to be about the data, you do not need to talk 
About the procedure of doing the tests on 
individuals.

This assignment will be completed on: Accountability in the Child Welfare
article:https://ncwwi.org/files/Data-Driven_Decision_Making__CQI/Accountability.pdf
After reading the Child Welfare Information publication on Accountability defining accountability, identifying two challenges to accountability and explain the importance of implementing accountability strategies. Paper is to be written in APA format.

Define and explain the difference between Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) & Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
Discuss the following factors in relation to BMR and RMR
Age
FFM (Fat-Free Mass)
Body Mass & Stature
Health Status
Discuss the two ways to measure energy expenditure
Section 2: (45 points) Application
Estimate the amount of energy expended by the following clients:
65-year-old female, 155 lbs., trimming shrubs for 35 minutes
18-year-old male, 230 lbs., playing wallyball for an hour
Estimate the amount of energy YOU would expend doing the following activities (include your personal data (age, weight, etc) in the description before your answers.
Running on a flat surface at 6mph for 30 minutes
Walking leisurely for an hour
Formatting (10 points)
The format of this assignment may be presented in narrative or bullet format.  Section 2 should show the mathematical work. Information should be presented in a clear, concise, organized format.  Include at least one additional reference (in APA format) other than your text.
https://blog.nasm.org/nutrition/resting-metabolic-rate-how-to-calculate-and-improve-yours
https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/home?authuser=0
https://blog.nasm.org/metabolic-equivalents-for-weight-loss

Case: End-Stage Kidney Disease
Cynthia, a 53-year-old female presented to the emergency room due to feeling constantly tired, hungry, thirsty, and with frequent urination. Her past medical history is significant for cirrhosis and end-stage kidney disease. Physical examination had revealed yellowish discoloration to the skin, multiple bruises, bilateral edema, and weakness lasting more than three weeks. Laboratory tests were ordered (results provided below) after which she was prescribed metformin and informed to contact a doctor if she starts experiencing nausea, vomiting, fast breathing, and/or lethargy, as metformin has been known to cause metabolic acidosis.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Sodium 126 mEq/L
Glucose 220 mg/dL
Calcium 7.1 mg/dl
Red blood cell count 3.9 cells/ul
Iron 40  mcg/dL
Albumin 2.5 g/dl
Vitals
Blood pressure 92/64 mmHg
Hormone Panel
Renin Low
ADH Elevated
Aldosterone Low
Vitamins
Vit D Low
Vit K Low
Vit E Low
Vit A Low
Urine and Stool Sample
Stool color Gray
Stool content Increase fat content
Urine color Clear
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Glucose Present
Answer the following questions regarding Cynthia’s case:
What hormone is not functioning properly causing Cynthia’s glucose levels to be abnormal? Furthermore, explain in depth how this hormone regulates blood glucose levels.
What other hormone(s) are responsible for maintaining normal glucose levels? Explain in depth how they work.
Explain why Cynthia is presenting with excessive thirst (polydipsia), tiredness and hunger (polyphagia), and frequent urination (polyuria).
Explain why Cynthia is experiencing hypotension. How does the body and its various organ systems bring the blood pressure back towards homeostasis?
What do you expect Cynthia’s heart rate and end-diastolic volume (EDV) to be (elevated, normal, or low) and justify your expectation with cardiovascular formulas such as cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV).
What is the importance of iron in the body and the consequence of it being 40 mcg/dL?
Explain in detail what gluconeogenesis is and where in the body it occurs? Knowing that gluconeogenesis helps maintain blood glucose level, what is the effect of metformin on the management of diabetes mellitus type 2?
Looking at Cynthia’s albumin levels, what effect does it have on her (a) blood osmolarity (b) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and (c) urine volume?
Explain how glucose is normally reabsorbed by the kidneys? What is happening in Cynthia’s kidneys resulting in glucosuria and what effect does glucosuria have on her blood pressure?
If Cynthia ends up developing metabolic acidosis, what would the levels of her pH, CO2, and HCO3 be in the blood? Furthermore, how would the body compensate and address both renal and respiratory compensation (optional: show the compensation via a flow chart)? 
Rubric
There are 10 question. The answer are all need to be connected. Abstract, Into, Body (4 or more pages), and concludion. 

Please write a 6-paragraph paper on DM 
Cause
Investigation
Complications
Treatment
Preventative Care.

Answer the questions below in paragraph form and use the sample essay as a guide. Make sure to answer each question in at least a paragraph per question. Make sure to add in text citations as well as a title page and reference page at the end as well. 
Also please include 10 references for this case study. 
Chief Complaint: 74-year-old woman with shortness of breath and swelling.
History: Martha Wilmington, a 74-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic fever
while in her twenties, presented to her physician with complaints of increasing shortness
of breath (“dyspnea”) upon exertion. She also noted that the typical swelling she’s had
in her ankles for years has started to get worse over the past two months, making it
especially difficult to get her shoes on toward the end of the day. In the past week, she’s
had a decreased appetite, some nausea and vomiting, and tenderness in the right
upper quadrant of the abdomen.
On physical examination, Martha’s jugular veins were noticeably distended. Auscultation
of the heart revealed a low-pitched, rumbling systolic murmur, heard best over the left
upper sternal border. In addition, she had an extra, “S3” heart sound.
Questions:
1. What is causing this murmur?
2. What is causing her “S3” heart sound?
3. Is her history of rheumatic fever relevant to her current symptoms? Explain.
4. A chest X-ray reveals a cardiac silhouette that is normal in diameter. Does this rule
out a possible problem with Martha’s heart? Explain.
5. You examine Martha’s abdomen and find that she has an enlarged liver
(“hepatomegaly”) and a moderate degree of ascites (water in the peritoneal cavity).
Explain these findings.
6. Examination of her ankles reveals significant “pitting edema.” Explain this finding.
7. She is advised to wear support stockings. Why would this help her?
8. Which term more accurately describes the stress placed upon Martha’s heart —
increased pre-load or increased afterload?
9. What is the general term describing Martha’s condition?
10. How might Martha’s body compensate for the above condition?
11. Martha is started on a medication called digoxin. Why was she given this
medication, and how does it work?
12. Two weeks after starting digoxin, Martha returns to the physician’s office for a
follow-up visit. On physical examination, she still has significant hepatomegaly and
pitting edema, and is significantly hypertensive (i.e. she has high blood pressure). Her
physician prescribes a diuretic called furosemide (or “Lasix”). Why was she given this   

This assignment is intended to help you learn to analyze and explain the impact of environmental agents on cellular and tissue biology and thus the associated pathological phenomena and details compared to normal physiology.
* Explain the impact of lead exposure on cellular and tissue biology and thus the associated pathological phenomena and details compared to normal physiology. Support your response with references, including your textbook and a minimum of three other credible, scholarly sources.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.
This assignment is informed by the following EPAS Standard:
4: Engage In Practice-informed Research and Research-informed Practice
Attachments
SWK-430-RS-T3-LiteratureReviewArticleWorksheetPart1.docx
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