Category: Management

Within the Discussion Board area, write 300–500 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas. Using the Internet resources, select an existing company (Porsche) and identify the following points:
Introduction: Describe the company, its industry, and its business context.
Critical incidents: Include any stories of the organization’s challenges or achievements. How did it overcome the challenges? How did it accomplish its achievements?
Investment potential: Include any of its current issues that need to be addressed or its potential goals for growth.
Conclusion: Would you invest in this company? Why or why not?

1. The framers of the Constitution designed the Senate to filter the output of the sometimes hasty House. Do you think this was a wise idea? Why or why not?
2. What role has technology played in increasing the power and reach of presidents?
Make sure to include relevant points to your answer and make sure that your information is correctly cited.

Comp101 – Project 3 -Artificial IntelligenceAI
You are required to create ananimated story or any otherartificial intelligence applicationsuch as:
Image Classification, Personal Audio Classifier, Therapist Bot Tutorial, Alexa Hello World, …
It is a basic block code tool website where you can program using prebuilt codes to create your own interactive stories or applications. The guidelines for the project are defined below. This is an optional “group of 2” project.
Animated story or AI creation website:
https://scratch.mit.edu
https://appinventor.mit.edu/
Requirements:
• You need to sign in and create an account.
• Select any subject of your choice.
• On any website there are many tutorials.
• https://scratch.mit.edu/starter_projects/ tutorial help creation tool for your project.
• http://appinventor.mit.edu/explore/ai-with-mit-app…
Deliverables:
Your project must deliver the following:
• The application (it should contain at least 10 block code).
• The movie of your applicationwhile you are presenting it.
• The written report.File name should be “your name”
The written report
• First page should include all the students’ details (name, id, course, project).
• An introduction that includes a URL link (plus login +password) to your application.
• Your plan of actions and difficulties when you created the application.
• Clear snapshots of your application and codes.
Blackboard submission
Upload to blackboard your Project 3. (Thereport in pdf format, the movie in mp4 format)
Project deadline is Monday 24 of June 2024.
Project 3 has 15 marks divided as below:
5 Marks
Characters, code length, originality
5 Marks
Creativity and design
5 Marks
Report, presentation, screenshots
Good luck

MEMO OF TWO DIFFERENT SUSTAINABLE LEADERS Mohamed Jameel Al Ramahi – CEO, Masdar
Kate Brandt – CSO, Google
I HAVE ATTACHED A MEMO FOR EXAMPLE AND
I AM ADDING INSTRUCTIONS
I AM ADDING LINKS TO LIBRARY RESOURCES
Your chosen leader should be someone who you believe is currently (Not past) a leader who embraces the triple bottom line and has demonstrated exemplary leadership for sustainability. Such leaders demonstrate mindful actions and behaviors, embrace a global world-view, recognize the connection between the planet and humanity, and through personal and organizational choices effect positive environmental and social change.
By the date noted on the Canvas Syllabus Page, write a memo naming your top two choices for leaders to your instructor for this project. In addition: For each sustainability leader, write at least 200 words explaining WHY you would like to research their organization and what you found that makes them interesting to you. Be sure to identify and include a discussion of one or more of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (by number) that provide the focus for their leadership for sustainability.
For each article use at least 125 words to briefly summarize the contents of two articles from library resources and your readings for each leader and how they will enable you to successfully complete this project (which section of the final paper does it address).
Include a reference section.ever
All citations should be in proper 7th Edition APA format for two credible business articles for each leader (from library databases) written within the last 3 years that describe this leader’s activities. Provide a hyperlink for each article. For information on APA standards and correct citation formats see information below.

nal Examiner’s
Instructions:
Technical Report Writing
26 May 2024 Course Code CE6104
Presentation Skills and Engineering Report Writing
Name
This cover sheet must be completed (section in red below) and attached to your
assessment before submission in hard copy/soft copy.
The time allowed for this assessment is XXX minutes/hours/days.
This assessment carries XXX marks distributed to a total of XXX questions
assessing CILO X and CILO X.
The materials allowed for use in this assessment are XXX, XXX, and XXX.
The use of generative AI tools is strictly prohibited.
References consulted (if any) must be properly acknowledged and cited.
The assessment has a total of XXX pages.
Learner ID
Learner
Name
Lecturer’s
Name
Date May 20th, 2024
Submitted
Abdulaziz Qussay Daghfag 202307105
Fahad AttaAllah
Mohammad Al-Yami
Mohammad Al-Rashid
2023307128
2023307261
202307347
Wajid Khan
By submitting this assessment for marking, I affirm that this assessment is my own work.
Non-Business Use
Do not write beyond this line. For assessor use only.
Assessor’s Name
Marking Date
Comments:
Marks
Obtained
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Non-Business Use
Table of Contents
SCOPE
Significance and Use 4
PRINCIPLE 4
Items 6
RESPONSIBILITY 6
Procedure 6
Calculation 11
Conclusion & Critique 12
References 12
Non-Business Use
1. Scope
1.1.
2.
This test method covers and specifies a procedure for the concurrent measurement of both
the dynamic viscosity, and the density of liquid petroleum products and crude oils, both
transparent and opaque using constant temperature bath CANNON CT-1000HT. (ASTM,
2021)
Significance and Use
2.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants,
and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the
liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the
estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate
determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
2.2 Tracking viscosity is important when it comes to understanding conditions deep
underground. The viscosity of oil and gas can be highly variable, depending on environmental
temperature and pressure, as well as the molecular makeup of the raw material. Pressure and
temperature changes cause viscosity readings to fluctuate dramatically, and can be irreversible.
These characteristics must be controlled precisely through the sample extraction, handling, and
analysis for fluid integrity. The viscosity system must safely
provide accurate, repeatable, and timely information while using as little sample as possible.
3. Principle
3.1. Kinematic viscosity is measured by noting the time it takes oil to travel through the orifice of
a capillary under the force of gravity (Figure 1). The orifice of the kinematic viscometer tube
produces a fixed resistance to flow Different sized capillaries are available to support fluids of
varying viscosity.
3.2. This measured time is then multiplied by a constant (associated to the particular tube) to
calculate the kinematic viscosity (force of gravity). (ASTM, 2021)
Non-Business Use
Non-Business Use
Figure 1. Capillary U-Tube Viscometer
Items
 Constant Temperature Bath.
 U-Tube Viscometer
 Thermometer.
 Stopwatch.
 Sample.
 Cleaning solvents (Toluene, Acetone) in a squeezed bottle.
 A piece of rag.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), lab coat, goggles, safety shoes.
4. Responsibility
4.1. Analysts are responsible to perform the test and follow the procedure to obtain quality results.
5. Procedure
5.1 Measurement
5.1.1 Start up the bath for a couple of hours to let the temperature reaches the set point.
5.1.2 While the bath is running, heat up the sample in the oven.
5.1.3 Pick out the right tube, depending on the nature of the sample, and make sure it is
thoroughly cleaned with Toluene followed by a drying solvent (acetone).
Non-Business Use
5.1.4 Transfer the sample into the tube till the first red line, and let it settle down for a few
minutes to adapt with bath’s temperature (As shown in the image below).
5.1.5 Using the thumb finger, press on the top part of the tube (big opening), till the
sample move past the curved part of the tube.
5.1.6 Once the sample reaches the first red line that is situated at the bottom side of the
tube, hit the stopwatch until the sample reaches the second redline. Then, stop the
stopwatch.
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Start Line
Finish Line
5.1.7 Go to the table of “Manual Viscosity Tube Factors”, and select the size of the tube
you have used during the analysis, you will find the “Tube Factor”, multiply it by the number of
seconds you have obtained in the stopwatch to calculate the final result.
Result (mm2/s) = Tube Factor (mm2/s2) × Time (s) (ASTM, 2021)
5.1.8 Repeat all the steps above in order to obtain a second reading. Two determinations of the
kinematic viscosity of the test material are required. Report the average of the two duplicated
kinematic viscosity results to four significant figures, together with test temperature.
Non-Business Use
Non-Business Use
Figure 2 (left). Temperature Probe Immersion in Constant Temperature Bath
Figure 3(right). Constant Temperature Bath Model Name: Cannon CT-1000HT
Non-Business Use
Figure 4. Common glass capillary types of kinematic viscometer. Glass Capillary Types (1)
Ostwald (2) Ubbelohde (3) Cannon-Fenske (4) Houillon (Modified Zeitfuchs crossarm)
6. Calculation
Five kinematic viscosity of Arabian extra light crude oil values were measured at 210°F by using
calibrated viscometer tubes.
Repeat Number
1
2
3
4
5
Duplicated runs (mm2/s)
787
785
785
783
797
795
783
779
794
795
Average (mm2/s)
786
784
796
781
794.5
Based on this test
6.017 and a repeatability of 6.6 mm2/s according to (ASTM D-445, Sec. 17).
Determinability (d), were found to be 2.82, 2.82, 2.86, 2.81 & 2.86 mm2/s respectively to the
duplicated analysis, which approve that our duplicated runs don’t exceed their indicated
determinability limits according to (ASTM D-445, Sec. 17).
By this validation, the method fits for purpose. (ASTM, 2021)
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data the average is 787.2 mm2/s. This gives a sample standard deviation of
Conclusion & Critique
This test requires a great deal patience and precision. Yet, it provides extremely reliable results.
Furthermore, the technician has to try several tubes that fit the type of sample especially if he
received an unknown sample from a new field or well in which he has little to no idea about the
site or sample specifications.
This is not the case with modern instruments that came out recently in the markets in various
shapes and sizes. Particularly, automated ones which is capable of producing multiple results in a
swift manner (Time is a valuable resource in the petroleum industry). Most importantly, obtained
figures are dependable and match the ones taken from the manual procedure.
Automatic analyzers have a high price tag, mainly that come with extra features such as built-in-
oven and auto sampling, only a handful of oil corporates could afford these machines.
Another drawback worth noting before bringing this article to an end is that petroleum laboratories
around the world run the risk of losing or breaking the viscometer tubes during cleaning or
relocation, etc. Those tubes are made of glass, high-priced, and takes an extended amount of time
to receive it from outside the kingdom. Worst of all, it contains a hazardous substance called
Mercury which would cause multiple health issues such as poisoning and acute lung injury. It is
highly recommended to switch to automated viscometer to promote safety across the lab area.
References
ASTM. (2021). Academia. Retrieved from Academia:
https://www.academia.edu/36792221/Designation_D_44…
Kinematic_Viscosity_of_Transparent_and_Opaque_Liquids_the_Calculation_of_Dynamic_
Viscosity_1
Non-Business Use

#1. Take the survey, Test your Cultural Intelligence. While this survey offers interesting insights, it doesn’t adhere to scientific rigor. Use its findings accordingly.
Explain if you think the results accurately describe you and why. Consider sharing your experiences that may have played into the results.
This post should be 2 paragraphs 137 No research is required; this is a reflection assignment.
#2 Take the survey, Innovation Assessment Questionnaire. This survey provides insightful feedback; however, it lacks rigorous scientific validation and should be interpreted with caution.
Explain if you think the results accurately describe you and why. Feel free to share experiences that embody your results.
This post should be 2 paragraphs 137 words No research is required; this is a reflection assignment.
I did both surveys and results are in the instructions.

This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin™.
Instructions
This week you learned more about decision-making, and the six-step decision making process. For this week′s assignment, you need to think about a manager that you have either worked for or worked with, or a decision that you have made as a manager yourself, and provide an analysis of that decision based on the the six-step decision making model in a two-page paper.
What was the decision that needed to be made? Provide some context regarding the decision.
Who was involved in the decision-making process? Who would be affected by the decision? Describe the decision in terms of each of the six steps of the decision-making model from this week′s readings.
Were any steps missed?
Were any steps not addressed thoroughly enough?
Was there any bias in the decision? If so, describe it. If not, how was bias kept out of the process?
What was the ultimate outcome of the decision? What would you have done differently as the manager involved in the process based on what you have learned about decision-making this week?
In your two page paper (not including title page or reference listing) you are required to have a minimum of three relevant sources from the UMGC Online Library for support (other than the text book). Keep in mind that whenever you use an idea from an outside source you must include a properly formatted APA Version 7 citation. You also need to have a properly formatted reference listing on the last page of the paper (reference listings go on their own page.)
Please review the grading rubric for the assignment as well as the late work policy, as this assignment is due on Tuesday. If you submit after Tuesday, your paper will be subject to the late work penalty.
Due on Jul 9, 2024 11:59 PM
Hide Rubrics
Rubric Name: Grading Rubric for Papers
Criteria Excellent
Proficient
Sufficient
Needs Improvement
Did Not Achieve
Criterion Score
Content and Critical Thinking
60 points
Covers the required content from the assignment instructions fully.
The content is logical and discipline-appropriate supporting facts, evidence, and/or data.
Student clearly describes major practices of the field and implements them in creative and innovative ways.
The writing demonstrates the ability to interpret, analyze, and synthesize information to advance the argument.
48 points
Covers the required content from the assignment instructions.
The content is logical and discipline-appropriate supporting facts, evidence, and/or data.
Student describes major practices of the field and implements them.
The writing demonstrates the ability to interpret, analyze, and synthesize information.
42 points
Covers some of the required content from the assignment instructions.
The content is logical and discipline-appropriate with some supporting facts, evidence, and/or data.
Student may describe some major practices of the field and implements them.
The writing demonstrates the ability to interpret information.
36 points
Covers minimal required content from the assignment instructions.
The content is not logical or discipline-appropriate with little to no supporting facts, evidence, and/or data.
Student does not describe major practices of the field or implements them.
The writing demonstrates little to no ability to interpret information.
0 points
Student did not achieve the minimum level
Score of Content and Critical Thinking,/ 60
Sources and Support
20 points
Student communicates, organizes and synthesizes complex and contradictory information from multiple sources to advance knowledge in the discipline at a professional level.
Student accurately quotes, paraphrases, and cites information in ways that are true to the original context with no errors.
16 points
Student clearly and effectively communicates, organizes and synthesizes complex and contradictory information from multiple sources to advance knowledge in the discipline.
Student quotes, paraphrases and cites information correctly and consistently, using information in ways that are true to the original context, with minimal errors.
14 points
Student communicates results from various sources, but the information is not clearly and effectively communicated or does not advance knowledge in the discipline.
Student quotes, paraphrases and cites information mostly correctly and consistently, in ways that are largely true to the original context.
12 points
Student does not adequately communicate, organize and/or synthesize information from sources and/or does not advance knowledge in the discipline.
Student quotes, paraphrases and cites information but may have many errors or use the information out of context.
0 points
Student did not achieve the minimum level
Score of Sources and Support,/ 20
Organization
10 points
The writing flows smoothly and logically from a well-defined thesis. There is a coherence in each sentence and paragraph that relates clearly to the controlling idea using appropriate examples. The flow of information demonstrates logical reasoning without jumps or shifts. The writing contains a thorough introduction, body sections, conclusion, and smooth transitions.
8 points
The writing is organized logically and flows well. Paragraphs are organized to fit the type of essay being written. The writing discusses each controlling idea using appropriate examples. The flow of information demonstrates logical reasoning with minor jumps or shifts. The writing contains an appropriate introduction, body sections, conclusion, and transitions.
7 points
The writing demonstrates rudimentary organization and logical structure, but ideas may be more fully developed and supported by more appropriate evidence.
Paragraphs are somewhat organized to fit the type of essay being written. The writing discusses the controlling idea using prescribed resources or examples. The writing contains a basic introduction and body sections, but may be missing a conclusion. There may be repetition of thought or ideas. The coherence at times is choppy or flat.
6 points
The writing is noticeably lacking in organization.
Paragraphs are somewhat organized, at least by shape, to fit the type of essay being written. However, the writing lacks discussion of the proposed controlling idea. There may be repetition of thought or ideas.
The writing contains some elements of the introduction and body sections, but may be missing a conclusion. Transitions are not evident.
0 points
Student did not achieve the minimum level
Score of Organization,/ 10
Grammar and Mechanics
10 points
Includes clear and concise language that uses appropriate style, has a rich vocabulary, and is free of grammatical & spelling errors.
8 points
Includes clear and concise language, but the style and vocabulary are inconsistent or imprecise at times. The writing has some minor errors.
7 points
Includes some clear and concise language, but the style and vocabulary are very inconsistent or imprecise at times. The writing has many minor or major errors.
6 points
Includes language that lacks clarity and/or is not concise. There is no evidence of proofreading or an attempt at applying conventional writing mechanics, style, or vocabulary. 0 points
Student did not achieve the minimum level
Score of Grammar and Mechanics,/ 10
Total
Score of Grading Rubric for Papers,/ 100
Overall Score
Excellent
90 points minimum
Proficient
80 points minimum
Sufficient
70 points minimum
Needs Improvement
60 points minimum
Did Not Achieve
0 points minimum

Description
After the meeting of the Board of Directors, the Chairwoman of the Board calls you into her office. She offers you a cup of coffee and is impressed with the information that you presented in the meeting and your understanding of new ventures. She says:
“We’re ready to invest in a new generation of business leaders. There is so much talent arising from business schools, and the passion for entrepreneurism, innovation, and business excellence helps to build a strong economy. I’d like you to work with a multicultural team of entrepreneurs to develop a global small business.
You will need to prepare an executive business plan overview for the global small business for the Board of Directors, a brand logo, and a prospective commercial that could be used to advertise the global small business’s product or service. If the global small business idea is successful, the Board of Directors may approve startup funding of up to $1 million.”
Using the resources in the CTU Library, research entrepreneurism and small businesses, and create an executive business plan using this template that includes the following:
Company Information: The name and background of your global small business including founders, history, current number of employees, and location.
Mission Statement: The purpose of your global small business.
Product or Service: A description of the products or services that your global small business will offer.
Company Logo: An original creative graphic that identifies your company or brand.
Market: The market for your global small business, including regions served and competitors.
Advertising: Prepare a description of an original, creative commercial for the products or services offered; Include what advertising medium you would use (Social Media, TV, Radio, for example) and include the identified target audience
Financials: The projected operational financial needs for your organization and the potential investments needed.
Growth Potential: The projected financial and market growth of the company for the next 5 years.
Provide a reference list of up to 3 resources at the end of your project of the resources you have found in the CTU Library, and include in-text citations for the articles in APA format.

You and Organization Structure
To better understand the importance of organization structure in your life, do the following assignment.
Select one of the following situations to organize:
A copy and print shop
A travel agency
A sports rental (such as Jet Skis or snowmobiles) in a resort area
A bakery
Background
Organization is a way of gaining some power against an unreliable environment. The environment provides the organization with inputs, which include raw materials, human resources, and financial resources. There is a service or product to produce that involves technology. The output goes to clients, a group that must be nurtured. The complexities of the environment and the technology determine the complexity of the organization.
Planning Your Organization
Write down the mission or purpose of the organization in a few sentences.
What are the specific tasks to be completed to accomplish the mission?
Based on the specifics in question 2, develop an organization chart. Each position in the chart will perform a specific task or is responsible for a certain outcome.
You are into your third year of operation, and your business has been very successful. You want to add a second location a few miles away. What issues will you face running the business at two locations? Draw an organization chart that includes the two business locations.
Five more years go by and the business has grown to five locations in two cities. How do you keep in touch with it all? What issues of control and coordination have arisen? Draw an up-to-date organization chart and explain your rationale for it.
Twenty years later, you have seventy-five business locations in five states. What are the issues and problems that have to be dealt with through organizational structure? Draw an organization chart for this organization, indicating such factors as who is responsible for customer satisfaction, how you will know if customer needs are met, and how information will flow within the organization.

1.The term “Classical Music” is still used today to refer to music that is not classified as either popular music (Rock, R&B, Hip Hop, Country) or Folk Music. In your own words why do you think this periodic term is still used to refer to music other than that mentioned above?
Of all the musical periods, the Classical period is the shortest, spanning less
than a century. Its music is dominated by three composers whose works are still
some of the best known of all Western art music: Joseph Haydn (1732-1809),
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), and Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827).
Although born in different European regions, all three spent a substantial amount
of time in Vienna, Austria, which might be considered the European musical capital of the time.
Music scholars have referred to this time as the Classical period in music for
several reasons. For one, the music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven has served
as the model for most composers after their time and is still played today; in this
way, the music is “classic” in that it has provided an exemplar and has stood the
test of time. As we will also see, this music has often been perceived as emulating
the balance and portion of ancient Greek and Roman art, the time period to which
the word “classical” is affixed within literature and art history, as well as the wider
field of history.
Our use of the Classical period to refer to music of roughly 1750 to 1815, however, should not be confused with our broader use of the term “classical music” to
refer to art music (music that does not otherwise fall within the spheres of popular
music or folk music).
Beginning towards the end of the 16th century, citizens in Europe became skeptical of traditional politics, governance, wealth distribution, and the aristocracy.
Philosophers and theorists across Europe began to questioning these norms and
issues and began suggesting instead that humanity could benefit from change.
Publications and scientific discoveries of these thinkers proving and understanding many of nature’s laws spurred the paradigm shift of logic referred to as the Age
of Reason, or the Enlightenment.
The seeds for the Enlightenment can be found in England in approximately the
1680s. In that decade, Newton published Principia Mathematica and John Locke
published his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding.” These two works provided the philosophical, mathematical, and scientific foundation for the Enlightenment’s great developments. Locke stressed that knowledge is gained through
accumulated life experience rather than by acquired outside truth. Newton’s mathematics and optical theory showed that humans can observe, study, define, and
test the world around them and can also mathematically measure and prove natural occurrences.
Besides Locke and Newton, Enlightenment thinkers included Voltaire, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacque Rousseau, Benjamin Franklin, and Immanuel Kant. Their
works especially stressed improving humanity’s condition through the use of rea (page 117) son and common sense in order to provide liberty and justice for all. Many Enlightenment thinkers challenged blind and unconditional following of the authority of
religious traditions and institutions and emphasized what they saw as “universal
human goods and rights.” They believed that if humankind would simply act with
common sense—found in ideas such as “the golden rule”—then societies might advance with greater universal justice and liberty.
Being able to solve and understand many of the
mysteries of the universe in a quantifiable manner using math and reason, was empowering. Much of the
educated middle class applied these learned principles
to improve society. Enlightenment ideals lead to political revolutions throughout the Western world. Governmental changes such as Britain’s embrace of constitutional democratic form of government and later the
United States of America’s establishment of democratic
republic completely changed the outlook of the function
of a nation/state. The overall well-being and prosperity
of all in society became the mission of governance.
Up until the mid-1700s art, including music, was
under the direct control or patronage of the monarchy/aristocracy, the class whose
unquestioned rule was founded on divine hereditary right. The arts were their (and
the church’s) privilege, luxury, and adornment for generations to come. In its infancy, the Enlightenment’s power shift toward the middle class was neither perceived nor anticipated by those in power. America’s successful revolution against
England landed a devastating blow to the doctrine of the divine ruling rights of
kings. Shortly afterward, the ensuing French Revolution had an unintentional impact on the arts and is one of the greatest influences on Western classical music.
Artists and architects of the second half of the eighteenth century looked to
classical antiquity as its model; their work is referred to as neoclassical. You can
see this interest when one compares the Parthenon in Athens to the columns of
the White House. While in power, aristocrats and their wealthy peers exalted the
Hellenism that protected them from getting too involved in the current issues of
life. The aristocrats saw the ancient Roman gods, heroes, and kings as semblances
of themselves. They viewed themselves in the same light as super humans entitled
to rule, possess great wealth, and be powerful. This detachment shaped their relationship with the arts in architecture and the visual arts. The rising middle class,
on the contrary, viewed and interpreted neoclassical arts as representations of Roman and Greek city-states. This view assisted their resolve to rebel against the tyrants and abolish despotism. Here musical terminology diverges from that used by
art historians (Neoclassicism in music would have to wait for the 20th century). As
we have few musical exemplars from classical antiquity and as the music of Haydn,
Mozart, and Beethoven would become the model for nineteenth century music,
music historians have referred to this period as a time of Musical Classicism. (page 118)
The mid and second half of the 18th century saw a revolutionary political and
economic shift in Europe. Here the dramatic paramount shift of power from the
aristocracy to the middle class began and strengthened. The wealth of the middle
class had been expanding due the growing capitalism from the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted from a series of momentous inventions of the mid1700s, including the Watt Steam Engine, James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny, Edmund Cartwright’s power loom, and Eli Whitney’s cotton gin.
The following decades witnessed great scientific achievements and discoveries
including: electricity by Benjamin Franklin, medical smallpox vaccination by Edward Jenner, the discovery of oxygen by Joseph Priestly, the advancement of the
mechanistic view of the universe by Pierre-Simon Laplace, and the invention of
the voltaic pile (battery) by Alessandro Volta Pierre Laplace (b. 1749-1827) a gifted
and talented scientist and mathematician, felt that due to scientific explanation
for the planets, their motion, and possibly how they began, humans no longer had
any need for God. This mindset even further reduces the influence of the church
on society and music.
During the enlightenment, the burgeoning middle class became a major market for art superseding the aristocracy as the principal consumer of music and art.
This market shift facilitated a great demand for new innovations in the humanities.
While the increased literacy of the middle class led to the proliferation of newspapers, periodicals, and novels throughout Western Europe. These sources provide
us with reviews of concerts and published music and capture eighteenth-century impressions of and responses to music.
5.3.1 The Visual Arts and Architecture
The visual arts developed two major styles in the Enlightenment. Both are representative of the dualism found in the arts during the classical era. As the aristocracy tried to adhere to the Greek and Roman mythological antiquity, artists
such as the painter Jacques-Louis David (b.1748-1835), of the French Revolution adorned his canvases with themes of Roman and Athenian democracy. David’s
paintings were admired by Thomas Jefferson, but David’s painting The Death of
Marat (1793) received particular praise. Marat, to whom the painting refers, is the
murdered Jean-Paul Marat, an influential French revolutionary leader. Marat’s
previous influence paired with his murder and David’s painting instantly transformed him into a political martyr. David’s painting thus became a symbol of sacrifice in the name of the republic.1
Architecture in the late eighteenth century leaned toward the clean lines of ancient buildings such as the Athenian Parthenon and away from the highly ornate
decorative accents of Baroque and Rococo design. One might also argue that the
music of Haydn, Mozart, and early Beethoven aspires toward a certain simplicity
and calmness stemming from ancient Greek art. (page 119)
2. Although there are many Classical Period composers, the textbook only discusses three. In your own words which composer’s work do you think has withstood the test of time? In other words, of the three, which composer’s music is still played more than the other two, today? Explain your choice. (you can use the pages above.)