Category: English

Topic : Compare independent variables, dependent variables, and extraneous variables. Describe two ways that researchers attempt to control extraneous variables. Provide an example of how this is applied using a peer-reviewed, primary research article.
Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format. Responses to peers or faculty should be 100-150 words and include one reference. Refer to “RN-BSN Discussion Question Rubric” and “RN-BSN Participation Rubric,” located in Class Resources, to understand the expectations for initial discussion question posts and participation posts, respectively.
Example 1 (Letha) Independent variables are what we expect will influence dependent variables. A dependent variable is what happens as a result of the independent variable. Generally, the dependent variable is the disease or outcome of interest for the study, and the independent variables are the factors that may influence the outcome. For example, if we want to explore whether high concentrations of vehicle exhaust impact incidence of asthma in children, the concentration of vehicle exhaust is the independent variable while asthma incidence is the dependent variable (NIH, 2024).
An extraneous variable is any variable not being investigated that has the potential to affect the outcome of a research study. In other words, it is any factor not considered an independent variable that can affect the dependent variables or controlled conditions.
For example, in a study of physical performance (independent variable), the effect of a specific athletic shoe (dependent variable) may be tested. Extraneous variables in this example might include: Demographics such as age and gender; Testing environment; Time of day of testing (Cathy Heath, 2023).
To control directly the extraneous variables that are suspected to be confounded with the manipulation effect, researchers can plan to eliminate or include extraneous variables in an experiment. Control by elimination means that experimenters remove the suspected extraneous variables by holding them constant across all experimental conditions.
In contrast to control by elimination, researchers can include the suspected extraneous variables in an experiment (Chen, P. and Krauss, A., 2005).
In the article, Experiments, Psychology by Peter Y. Chen, Autumn D. Krauss, in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005- Elimination or Inclusion
In the treatments-effect study described, researchers examined the effects of a treatment program for people checked into substance-abuse facilities. If the researchers suspected that the gender of the therapist might be confounded with the effects of the treatment, they could use the same male (or female) therapist in both treatment conditions. As a result, any potential effect caused by the gender of the therapist is converted to a constant in both conditions.
In contrast to control by elimination, researchers suspect the gender of the therapist is an extraneous variable, they can include the gender of the therapist as an additional independent variable. Specifically, participants can be assigned to one of four experimental conditions: a treatment with a male therapist, a treatment with a female therapist, a placebo control with a male therapist, and a placebo control with a female therapist. This experimental design enables consideration of the effect of the treatment, the effect of the therapist’s gender, and the interaction of both independent variables (Chen, P. and Krauss, A., 2005).
Reference
NIH. Finding and Using Health Statistics (nih.gov). Accessed on May 21, 2024. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/oet/ed/stats/02-200.html
Cathy Heath. February 6, 2023. Extraneous Variables: Definition & Examples (dovetail.com). https://dovetail.com/research/extraneous-variables/#:~:text=An%20extraneous%20variable%20is%20any,dependent%20variables%20or%20controlled%20conditions.
Peter Y. Chen, Autumn D. Krauss, in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005. ScienceDirect. Extraneous Variable – an overview. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/extraneous-variable
Example 2 ( Dickson) Independent Variables (IV):The independent variable is the factor that researchers manipulate or change during a study. It serves as the cause or predictor variable.
Researchers intentionally vary the IV to observe its impact on the dependent variable.
Example: In an experiment studying the effect of different study techniques on exam scores, the study technique (e.g., flashcards, summarization) would be the independent variable.
Dependent Variables (DV):The dependent variable is the outcome or response variable that changes as a result of manipulating the independent variable.
Researchers measure the DV to assess the effects of the IV.
Example: In the same study on study techniques, the exam scores would be the dependent variable.
Extraneous Variables:Extraneous variables (also known as confounding variables) are additional factors that can influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
These variables are undesirable because they can distort study results.
Example: In our study, extraneous variables might include participants’ prior knowledge, motivation, or sleep quality. Difference between the Independent, Dependent and Extraneous Variables
An independent variable is the variable that is changed or varied during the study to influence the dependent variable. In other words, it is the feature, factor, attribute or thing that the researcher manipulates in order to measure or determine the effect of the variation on another variable; namely, the dependent variable. A dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that changes or varies as a result of the manipulation done on the independent variable. Simply put, it is the factor, feature or thing being measured in the study, and the outcome changes are what the researcher is largely interested in. Lastly, extraneous variables, (also confounding variables) are the undesirable or unwanted variables that influence the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables under study (National Library of Medicine, 2019) Example from a Peer-Reviewed Article:Let’s consider a study titled “Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress Reduction” published in the Journal of Psychology and Health.
IV: Mindfulness meditation (experimental group) vs. no meditation (control group).
DV: Stress levels (measured using a validated stress scale).
Extraneous Variables: Prior meditation experience, daily caffeine intake, and sleep quality.
Control Strategies:Randomly assign participants to the experimental or control group.
Standardize meditation sessions (same time, duration, and instructions).
Statistically control for prior meditation experience and other relevant variables in the analysis. REFERENCES Smith, J. K., & Johnson, L. M. (2023). Effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction. Journal of Psychology and Health, 45(2), 127-142. doi:10.1080/12345678.2023.4567890
National Library of Medicine. (2019). Dependent and independent variables. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/stats_tutorial/section2/mod4_variables.html
Price, P. C., Jhangiani, R., & Chiang, I. C. A. (2015). Research methods in psychology. BCCampus.
Example 3 ( Zoobia ) When I thought about choosing a topic, it came to interacting with some patients last week. I came up to work on it and see how it would be beneficial. Variables Independent Variables (IVs) are like the puppet masters of our research. They’re the factors we manipulate or control to see how they affect other variables. In Sleep Research, we might tweak the type or duration of sleep (like deep sleep vs. REM sleep or total sleep duration) to see how it impacts memory consolidation. Dependent Variables (DVs) are the outcomes or responses that researchers measure to determine the effect of the independent variable. These variables are the yardsticks of change, expected to respond to manipulations of the IV. In the realm of Sleep Research, Memory performance, assessed through recall tasks or problem-solving tests, can be a dependent variable, a crucial measure when examining the impact of sleep on memory. Extraneous Variables (EVs) are all other variables that are not the primary focus of the study but could influence the results. These need to be controlled, a vital task to ensure that the relationship between the IV and DV is not confounded. In sleep Research, Participants’ baseline memory abilities, stress levels, caffeine intake, and sleep habits before the study are extraneous variables. While controlling extraneous variables, researchers employ various strategies to ensure that the study results are valid and reliable, a crucial step in the research process. Although several people believe getting enough rest the night before starting school is important, sleep deprivation can reduce learning capacity.
After learning to fortify new memories and create connections between disparate pieces of information, get a whole night’s sleep within a day.
Adults should get 7 to 8 hours of sleep every night on average. Even four hours of sleep at night won’t help strengthen memories.
Naps may facilitate or impede. While naps taken late in the day can help with memory consolidation, they can also make it more difficult to fall asleep at night
You don’t get enough sleep (sleep deprivation)
You sleep at the wrong time of day
You don’t sleep well or get all the different types of sleep your body needs
You have a sleep disorder that prevents you from getting enough sleep or causes poor-quality sleep (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2022)
Here are two standard methods: Randomization: Description: Randomization involves assigning participants to different experimental conditions so that every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group. This can help distribute extraneous variables evenly across groups. For a study on sleep and memory, participants might be randomly assigned to either a deep sleep or REM sleep condition. This ensures that individual differences like cognitive abilities and lifestyle factors are evenly spread across both conditions. Matching: Description: Matching involves pairing participants with similar characteristics, including age, gender, and baseline memory performance, and assigning them to different experimental groups. This technique helps ensure that these characteristics are apparent in the results. Example: Participants could be matched based on their initial memory test scores and then assigned to either a deep sleep or REM sleep condition to control for baseline memory differences. Application in a Peer-Reviewed, Primary Research Article Consider the study titled “How Snoozing Strengthens Memories: The Role of Sleep Stages in Memory Consolidation,” published in Nature Neuroscience (hypothetical reference for illustrative purposes) including study example objective: to investigate how different stages of sleep (deep sleep and REM sleep) contribute to memory consolidation and problem-solving abilities. Independent Variable: The stage of sleep (deep sleep vs. REM sleep). Dependent Variable: Memory consolidation, measured through tasks that assess recall and problem-solving skills. Extraneous Variables: Baseline memory performance, caffeine intake, stress levels, prior sleep patterns, and participant age. Control Methods is randomization: Participants were randomly assigned to a deep sleep or REM sleep condition after a learning task, ensuring that extraneous variables such as baseline cognitive ability and stress levels were equally distributed. Matching: Participants were matched based on their initial performance on a memory task before the sleep intervention, controlling for differences in baseline memory performance. Result Application: By controlling for extraneous variables through randomization and matching, the researchers could more confidently attribute improvements in memory consolidation and problem-solving abilities to the specific stages of sleep. This methodological rigor helps ensure that the observed effects are due to the manipulated variable, like sleep stage, rather than other confounding factors.
References:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency? www.nhlbi.nih.gov; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation
Wein, H. (2017, May 31). Sleep On It. NIH News in Health. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/04/sleep-it#:~:text=Memories%20seem%20to%20become%20more
Example 4 (solange) The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variables. An independent variable is a variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is ‘dependent’ on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the effect on the dependent variable is observed and recorded. For example, a scientist wants to see if the brightness of light has any effect on a moth being attracted to the light. The brightness of the light is controlled by scientists. This would be the independent variable. How the moth reacts to the different light levels (distance to light source) would be the dependent variable (ThoughtCo, 2019).
Extraneous variables should be controlled if possible. One way to control extraneous variables is with random sampling. Random sampling does not eliminate any extraneous variable, it only ensures it is equal between all groups. If random sampling isn’t used, the effect that an extraneous variable can have on the study results becomes a lot more of a concern. If these extraneous variables are not controlled, they may become confounding variables, because they could go on to affect the results of the experiment.
In evidence-based practice, the term ‘evidence’ is used deliberately instead of ‘proof’. This emphasizes that evidence is not the same as proof, that evidence can be so weak that it is hardly convincing at all or so strong that no one doubts its correctness. It is therefore important to be able to determine which evidence is the most authoritative. So-called ‘levels of evidence’ are used for this purpose and specify a hierarchical order for various research designs based on their internal validity. Levels of evidence (sometimes called hierarchy of evidence) are assigned to studies based on the methodological quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care. These decisions give the grade (or strength) of recommendation (Cebma.org, 2019).
References
Statistics How To. (2019). Extraneous Variable Simple Definition – Statistics How To. [online] Available at: https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com… [Accessed 5 Jun. 2019].
ThoughtCo. (2019). Understand the Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/independent-and-dependen… differences-606115 [Accessed 5 Jun. 2019].
McLeod, S. A. (2018, Aug 10). Independent, dependent and extraneous variables. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/variables.html
Cebma.org. (2019). What are the levels of evidence? « Center for Evidence Based Management. [online] Available at: https://www.cebma.org/faq/what-are-the-levels-of-e… [Accessed 8 Jun. 2019].

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Instructions
Goal:  A deeper understanding of the chosen topic.
Course Objective(s):
CO1: Identify historical beginnings of philosophy and contemporary positions concerning the nature of knowledge and reality
CO3: Distinguish the basic concepts of moral and political philosophy
CO4: Evaluate arguments for and against the existence of God
CO5: Evaluate various approaches to the mind-body problem
Task:
While some assignments can be a bit more creative, learning how to improve your skills with written communication is also a good thing. Toward that end, the goal here is to write a paper of between 500-750 words on one of the three options below:
Use one or more moral theories from weeks 6 and 7 to justify what you believe is the right thing to do concerning some contemporary situation.
Define and describe the theories you use.
Describe the contemporary moral situation and why it is a moral situation.
Describe how the theory provides the reasoning/justification to demonstrate your proposed solution is the best one.
You have encountered various theories of knowledge and theories of being in this course, beginning with Plato/Socrates (as well as pre-Socratics like Parmenides), Descartes and the rationalists, empiricism, and Kantian constructivism. The phenomenological method as described in Week 7 can also give us tools for a theory of knowledge. Use one or more theories from epistemology and/or metaphysics to discuss what kinds of things you can know and how you can claim to know what you know.
Define and describe the theory or theories that you use to make your claim.
Say something about the range of possible knowledge that you can legitimately claim as knowledge. That is, does it include only knowledge of what can be sensed and whatever is physical? Or can we know abstract objects like universals? Can we have knowledge of more spiritual or esoteric realities, like the soul, God, religious doctrines, etc.? 
Explain the reasons that support your viewpoint by providing arguments that are in dialogue with relevant thinkers discussed in our course.
Use one or more theories from weeks 3-5 and 8 to demonstrate humans have a purpose.
Define and describe the theory or theories you use to make your claim.
Keep in mind that the goal is to argue humans have a purpose. If you do not think we have one, consider another option.
Be sure your argument includes like-minded philosophers on the type of purpose you claim humans have.
Your paper will be written at a college level with an introduction (one that states an argumentative/interpretive thesis and that indicates what would be covered and in what order), body paragraphs, a conclusion, along with in-text citations/Works Cited page in MLA, Turabian, Chicago, or APA formatting. Remember—any resource that is listed on the Works Cited page must have an in-text citation in the paper to match or this is considered plagiarism. [Note, MLA style is preferred, but depending on your degree area, you may be more familiar with APA or one of the other styles. You can use any approved style, just be consistent.] 
You may only submit files compatible with the Turnitin system. Please do not try to submit a PDF. Please do use MS Word.
Resources:
Word is free to students – if you encounter an issue please write  for guidance
Tutor.com – information available in the syllabus
APUS Library 
Citation and Reference Style: You will follow the citation style that is common to your discipline/program (APA, Turabian, Chicago, or MLA). If you do not have a citation style, please use MLA style. OWL Purdue is a great resource for the formatting of citations and resources. 
Due on May 19, 2024 11:55 PM
Attachments

Read the following sample cause and effect essays from The College Writer, Chapter 15:
Death From Below: Our Summer of Shark Attacks (pp. 264-267)

Death From Below: Our Summer of Shark Attacks

Mind Over Mass Media (pp. 268-270)
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/11/opinion/11Pinker.html
Then, compose a cause and effect essay (500-word minimum) based on one of the topics below. This assignment is not a comparison-contrast essay. Be sure that you examine cause and effect rather than similarities and differences.
Topic 1: As noted in the introduction of “Death from Below,” Phillips writes about the public’s fascination with, and fear of, sharks. What other subjects inspire both fascination and fear? For your essay, explore the causes and/or effects at work in one such subject.
Topic 2: “Mind Over Mass Media” analyzes changes wrought by technology. Identify a social change or a technological change that has impacted your life; then, analyze the causes or effects of that change.
Choose one topic.
Formatting Requirements:
Your essay should conform to the format of the example below.
Include an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs (minimum of 3 supporting paragraphs), and concluding paragraph. There is no limit to the number of paragraphs in an essay, but it should adhere to the minimum requirements.
Each paragraph should contain an introductory sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.
In the four-line heading, identify the assignment as Formal Essay 4 next to the name of the writer.
Use your own creative title.
Center the title directly over the first paragraph.
Do not use dialogue, monologue, or quotations in any essay assignment unless instructed.

Prompt
Construct a proposal of at least 1,500 words that something should or shouldn’t be the case. Use “should” or “shouldn’t” in your thesis statement. In constructing your essay, offer an analysis of at least five well-chosen sources. 
My Essay will about: 
Exploring the Role of technology in modern education.
Goals
Demonstrate analytical skills
Choose and research a topic
Construct an appropriately sophisticated thesis-driven essay
Evaluate and integrate appropriate sources in order to support the thesis
Understand how to utilize pre-writing and revising techniques
Explore a topic that’s potentially significant to you
Practice rhetorical moves that are persuasive for academic audiences
1- Take into account the complexities of the issue being written about, acknowledging and incorporating others’ points of view
Take evidence from sources with enough interpretation/evaluation to develop a coherent analysis or synthesis, subjecting expert viewpoints and sources of information to questioning
In other words, the essay should take a clear, nuanced position in a complex debate. The essay needs to include a thesis that contains tension between contrasting ideas. They Say / I Say can help you to take a nuanced position. Make sure to fairly and accurately acknowledge the viewpoints of others and to frame your view as a response to their viewpoint(s). Make sure to acknowledge weaknesses in your own argument and strengths in the arguments of others. An essay that oversimplifies an issue presents only one side of an argument, or reduces a debate to a simple “all or nothing” proposition will not earn credit. 
2- Furthermore, the essay should incorporate a variety of contrasting viewpoints, including expert viewpoints, from various sources. The viewpoints included in the essay should be subjected to questioning and analysis, meaning that the claims in the sources shouldn’t be taken at face value. There should be some exploration of the reliability and limitations of the data and viewpoints provided. Your essay should cite specific reasons and evidence for agreeing or disagreeing with the views taken from sources. Furthermore, the evidence and viewpoints in your essay should be combined together into a coherent whole, meaning any areas of potential confusion or apparent contradictions are clarified for the reader.  
3- Be at least 1,500 words, excluding the list of works cited
Be double-spaced and formatted according to MLA guidelines
Respond directly to the prompt
Begin with an introduction that offers contextualizing information and a thesis statement
Include body paragraphs that focus on specific main ideas and that provide evidence and analysis to support or illuminate the thesis
End with a conclusion that offers your own takeaway claim or explores the larger implications of the analysis that you’ve done
Demonstrate rhetorical moves from Chapters 2 (Summarizing), 3 (Quoting), 4 (Responding to Sources), 6 (Counterarguments), and 8 (Connecting the Parts) of our textbook
Cite at least five appropriate sources you’ve found on your own
Include a list of works cited for all of the sources you reference in your essay
Have been revised and proofread so that the reader won’t have difficulty understanding the essay

Instructions: Compose a persuasive essay explaining why 8th grade students SHOULD or SHOULD NOT read the independent novel you chose.
THIS ASSIGNMENT SHOULD BE BASED OFF OF THE NOVEL “The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier
Your decision and argument should consider:
How is othering addressed in your novel?
How does your novel show that empathy is a solution to othering?
How does your novel show society’s view of others?
How does your novel show expanding one’s circle of obligation?
etc.
THIS ASSIGNMENT SHOULD BE BASED OFF OF THE NOVEL “The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier
Leave Word default settings for font, color, size, etc.
Introduction, minimum of three body paragraphs including a counterclaim and rebuttal, conclusion.
Works Cited page with the independent novel AND two outside sources cited. See here for helpful tips for formatting citations.
Evidence/quotations should be correctly and smoothly integrated (2 pieces of evidence in each body paragraph).
Avoid first person
NEED INTEXT CITATIONS. YOU CAN USE NEW SOURCES. JUST PLEASE DONT CHANGE THE ESSAY COMPLETELY.
Be sure to use specific, relevant, logical reasoning and examples from the story to support your position.
MAKE THIS SOUND AS NATURAL AND FLUENT AS POSSIBLE. THIS WAS WRITTEN BY AI. I NEED IT TO BE EDITED TO THE POINT WHERE THE AI CANNOT BE DETECTED. DO NOT CHANGE THIS ESSAY COMPLETELY. I ONLY NEED IT EDITED TO PERFECTING. DO NOT PLAGERIZE OR USE ANY OTHER AI THAT CAN DETECTED. The book should be your main source but you also need TWO outside sources! And at least two quotes in each body paragraph! And you also need a “call to action” in the conclusion. Please message me with any questions. 
I AM IN 8TH GRADE SO MAKE THIS SOUND LIKE A 8TH GRADER WROTE IT. 

Write a 3-page paper explaining what you have learned about war, including the various types of war and aspects of local and domestic war and terrorism. Reflect on the various causes of war and discuss the role of nuclear arms in past wars and the prevention of new ones. Discuss the meaning of negative peace and ways in which it can be achieved.
Your paper should be in your own words – quotes from other authors or the use of AI is strictly prohibited for this and all other written assignments in this course. Please refer to the announcement about using citations and references which includes a guide to using the APA style referencing which is required for the paper assignments in this course.
Write in succinct paragraphs, using 12-point font, and double-space your text. Please utilize APA citation style and cite from the assigned readings. Outside sources are not required, but if used should be from a scholarly source.

This essay is an in-class essay and I need someone’s help writing it. The in-class essay is over Zoom, I will send you the question that will be given on the in-class essay and will then need help writing that. You will write it over Google Docs or something and I will then type the same in the in-class essay. Will require someone pretty good at writing good essays in a short amount of time. I will have a total of 2 hours to finish the in-class essay. We can discuss further details.

My argumentative essay is on why I believe the future of self driving vehicles are a good thing 
I attached the assignment 

Complete a comparison-contrast organizer using either a subject-by-subject pattern or a trait-by-trait (also known as the point-by-point) method. Then, develop a thesis statement and a concluding sentence based on your evaluations. You are to choose a topic/subject matter conducive to comparison and contrast. Use at least three criteria (elements) to determine how your subjects are alike and/or how they are different. You may use the graphic organizer below or create your own using figure 14.4 in The College Writer, p. 248. You need to complete either the subject-by-subject or trait-by-trait method, but not both. You must include your thesis statement, which will ultimately go at the end of your introductory paragraph. You must also construct at least one concluding sentence. Although an “example” is provided, your organizer should be more detailed.
Formatting Requirements:
Be sure that you included your thesis statement, your subject or topic paragraph ideas, and your concluding summary statement.
Since this is a prewriting activity, there are no other formatting requirements.
Afterwards,
Compose one 500-word minimum comparison-contrast essay based on your subject-by-subject or trait-by-trait graphic organizer topic.
Formatting Requirements
Your essay should conform to the format of the example below.
Include an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs (minimum of 3 supporting paragraphs), and concluding paragraph. There is no limit to the number of paragraphs in an essay, but it should adhere to the minimum requirements.
Each paragraph should contain an introductory sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.
In the four-line heading, identify the assignment as Formal Essay 3 next to the name of the writer.
Use your own creative title.
Center the title directly over the first paragraph.
Use first person point of view.
Do not use dialogue, monologue, or quotations in any essay assignment unless instructed.

Directions
Define an issue related to your topic and misinformation.
Explain the issue’s history and the causes + respective effects that shaped your issue.
Present an argument you disagree with and refute its supporting claims.
Propose a solution about how this issue should be addressed.
Goals
Begin with an overview of the issue and its current situation in your introduction.
Develop an open thesis that states the defined issue, your own position on the issue, and the greater significance of the issue (i.e., convey the urgency of the issue and the need for its resolution today).
Describe the issue’s characteristics, history, argument, and refutation using and citing a variety of textual evidence from your research such as summary, quotation, and paraphrase.
Conclude with the significance of resolving your defined issue, the significance of your proposed solution(s), and a call to action (i.e., why should your target audience act with your proposed solution?).
Develop audience awareness and write for readers who are a part of your primary target audience and are interested in participating in the scholarly discourse around your topic.
Guidelines
A creative yet focused title that clearly captures your overall argument about your defined issue
Ex: “When the Stars Don’t Align: How Astrology Has Disfigured Gen Z’s Online and Offline Identities”
Minimum of 15 full pages and maximum of 22 full pages (points will be deducted if over 22 full pages)
Page count does not include the Works Cited page
MLA format (Times New Roman, 12-point font, double-spaced, including Works Cited page)
Write your essay entirely in third person
We’re aiming to present a comprehensive, scholarly account of your research. Balance your newfound authorial style with the expectations of academic, research-based writing!
Required Texts
At least 7 academic/scholarly sources (these can be the same ones you’ve curated from previous essays)
Nonsense and/or Foolproof (at least use one concept from either book for the entire paper)
Optional Texts (can be multiple of either one or both, but do not exceed a total of 5)
Sources from the internet (excluding encyclopedias) or social media or
Image sources from the internet or social media
Points to Keep in Mind
🚨Do not simply copy and paste your essays together for the final version🚨
Revise and reorganize your previous essays into a coherent argument, including only those parts that are consistent with the final paper’s argument and purpose.
You can copy and paste your previous essays during the drafting stage, but you must revise them into a single, unified academic research paper.
To be consistent with the theme of misinformation, your final research paper must involve some aspect of misinformation. Talk to me if you need help with this!
You’re now a scholar on the topic. Therefore, the proper usage and integration of relevant, trustworthy sources is expected at this point. Any paper submitted without appropriate MLA citations will not receive a passing grade.
This assignment is not simply a research report; instead, you’re constructing your own argument and drawing upon evidence from various sources to support your argument throughout your paper.
You do not need to reference all the concepts we learned from Nonsense and/or Foolproof. Reference the concepts that are the most relevant to your overall research topic. You also do not need to use both Nonsense and Foolproof; referencing only one of them is fine.
Criteria
Unity and focus through a controlling thesis and topic sentence claims
Development of a thesis through support and elaboration
Coherence and organization with clear connections and a logically structured intro, body, and conclusion
Style using sophisticated diction, a variety of sentence structures, and a strong authorial voice
Conventions of Standard Written English through sound grammar and correct mechanics
Conventions of essay format by following MLA conventions such as citations, endnotes, and Works Cited