Category: Criminal justice

compare and contrast determinate and indeterminate sentencing model and support which one prevents recividism.  Full instructions attached.

For your class project, you will write a descriptiveresearch proposal. Since this is a proposal, you will NOT conduct research, but you will write a proposal for research you are “hypothetically” proposing to conduct. We will work on this project in phases, throughout this course.
Before beginning this assignment, read the Module 1 Part 1 Power Point! 
Module 1 part 1 PP (assign 1 info).pptx
Research Question
You begin your research with a research question. It is best to write your research question as an open-ended question. To do so, start your question with “what is” or “what are.”
For this assignment, you need to submit the following pages:
Page 1: APA formatted “student” title page
Page 2: Write a research question (for a descriptive research project) for one of the topics on p. 10 (Box 1-1). This does not need to be the topic you will use for your proposal. You do not need to decide on your topic until Module 2. 
Follow this assignment template
2Template_Assignment 1 title page_RQ (3).docx
Double-space your entire assignment
See the sample APA student paper for APA formatting guidelines 
7th ed Sample Paper(2).pdf
How to Write the Research Question for this Assignment?
Look at the list of applied research topics on p. 10, Box 1-1(in your textbook)
Remember to start your research question with “what is” or “what are.” You do not want to be able to answer your research question with yes or no.
Sample Research Questions for DescriptiveResearch (you must create your own):
What are the effective traits of police leaders?
What are the benefits of plea bargaining for offenders (or prosecutors) (or on the families of victims)?  
What are the differences between male and female gang members?
Topics to trigger thought:  Police and social media, Social Justice and Enforcement, Mental Health of Police, Responding to Mental Health Calls, Dispatchers as First Responders, Sentencing Guidelines, Employment issues, Leadership Issues, Education in Justice Professions, Impact of Immigration on Local Police, Retirement Incentives and Drawbacks in Justice Professions, Pay and Benefits of Justice Professions, Impact on Family Life for Public Safety Professionals….. What can you come up with???? The topic I chose was how police use unnecessary brute force 

1. In no less than 400 words explain the implications of Tennessee v. Garner and Graham v. Connor on how Law Enforcement may justifiably use non-lethal and deadly force.

Guiding Question
If wealth were distributed equally in the United States, would we see a decrease in crime?
Instructions
Write a reflection paper that discusses the ways in which limited economic mobility and concentrated disadvantage may put economically disadvantaged people at increased risk for crime involvement. This paper should:
Draw on at least one criminological theory that is “class” based. For example: Institutional Anomie Theory, Anomie Theory, Strain Theory, or Marxist Critical Theory. Explain why you think this theory does well explaining the correlation between poverty and crime
Discuss the difference between income, wealth, and financial assets
Reference at least one empirical peer reviewed study on the correlation between economic mobility and crime
Provide at least two examples of crime categories that illustrate criminal coping by economically disadvantaged people
Formatting and Guidelines
Minimum of 5 and maximum of 7 pages of text.
APA style and format. Refer to APA Style Refresher for assistance.
Times New Roman 12-point font, one-inch margins, double-spaced. Title page, pictures, and reference page are not included in the page count.
Minimum of 5 reputable sources, including respectable literature in books, journal articles, or reputable internet sources.
Meets content requirements as outlined.
How to Submit
Submit by uploading your file in Canvas.
Accepted file types:
doc
docx
pdf

Protecting America from Terrorism
A pressing issue in today’s criminal justice system is how to provide security from terrorism, so that citizens can continue to move freely throughout society.  Read the below article.
https://www.heritage.org/terrorism/report/60-terrorist-plots-911-continued-lessons-domestic-counterterrorism 
DISCUSSION:
Using key terms and concepts from the textbook and assigned article, answer the following questions in a balanced way.
List five recommendations that you believe would improve federal or state law enforcement agencies in their efforts to better protect the United States from terrorism.
Why is it difficult to protect United States citizens from terrorist attacks?
Would the recommendations you listed create controversy under the individual rights perspective? Why or why not?
Make sure to:  
Write a short essay of at least 500 words. (Essay format)  [POST YOUR WORD COUNT AT THE END .]
Always cite your textbook. Use in-text citations for all sources. 
Use all materials provided as a reference before using outside sources.
Use key terms and concepts from the reading.
Use concrete examples/details and avoid generalities.
Address all questions.
Use proper grammar and punctuation.
Do not plagiarize.

Botched Crime Scene Investigations: select several notable crime scene investigations that were mishandled and led to the release of the subject and go into details on how it was botched and what could have been avoided 

Please keep the activity and the discussion seperate.
Activity: 
At least 1.5 pages, double spaced, 12 pt. font, times new roman. 
Follow the directions on the attached document and write the answer on a different doc. 
Source: Week 9 Activity (attached below) 
Disucussion: 
Provide roughly 1 page, double spaced, 12 pt font, times new roman print. 
Why should forensic DNA evidence be retained and stored even after a case has been closed? How did advances in DNA science influence the legal system? 

The Importance of the Fifth Amendment – Andrea
Hi Class,
What a discussion question! Addressing which of the constitutional amendments between the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth is of the most important is very hard for me to decide. In short, explained by “Amendments to the U.S. Constitution” (2021), the Fourth amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizures, the Fifth amendment ensures fair treatment and due process, the Sixth amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to legal counsel, and the Eighth amendment protects against cruel and unusual punishment (“Amendments to the U.S. Constitution,” 2021). Obviously, all the amendments within the United States Constitution are of utmost importance to protect individual liberties within the legal system. However, for this discussion, I will focus on the importance of the Fifth amendment. It was hard for me to decide between the Fifth and Sixth amendments because they both deal with ensuring fair treatment and due process, but the Fifth amendment protects individuals from self-incrimination, preserving the presumption of innocence until proven guilty, and a guarantee of due process.
I will not bore you with writing the totality of the Fifth amendment as we can all research it, but as explained in “The Fifth Amendment” (2022), there are several freedoms to highlight within the amendment. The Fifth amendment provides, “The right to a grand jury, the right to be free from double jeopardy, the privilege against self-incrimination, due process, and just compensation” (The Fifth Amendment, 2022). Arguably, the Fifth amendment holds particular significance in comparison to the other amendments due to its foundational protections. This amendment protects individuals from being coerced into confessing to a crime they may not have committed. Examine the Miranda v. Arizona (1966) case, for example. As described by “MIRANDA V, ARIZONA 1966″ (2017), Ernesto Miranda was arrested and interrogated by police without being informed of his Fifth amendment rights. In result, Miranda’s confession was inadmissible as evidence against him because it was obtained without informing him of his constitutional rights. This case remains significant not only for the establishment of the Miranda rights, but also for its role in protecting citizens against self-incrimination (“MIRANDA V. ARIZONA,” 2017). Notably, the Fifth amendment also requires the federal government to pay compensation for any private property seized for public use (“Amendments to the U.S. Constitution,” 2021). Additionally, this amendment protects against double jeopardy. Meaning, once an individual has been acquitted or convicted of a particular crime, they cannot be tried again for the same offense by the same jurisdiction. This prevents the potential overreach, harassment, or abuse of power by the government. Furthermore, the right to due process guarantees fair treatment and procedural safeguards throughout legal proceedings, holding the legal system accountable for any unjust issues. As Amaryllis Fox, who is a former clandestine service operative, explains in a video, “The Fifth amendment is really the big Kahuna” (“Amendments of the U.S. Constitution: The 5th Amendment,” 2018). She explains that she has lived and worked in various countries across the world where those individual rights are not respected. The taking of life, liberty, and property without due process of law is a daily operation (“Amendments of the U.S. Constitution: The 5th Amendment,” 2018). This leaves law enforcement the judge and jury over someone’s life, liberty, and property which is completely unjust. Without the Fifth amendment, as we may see in other countries, it would leave citizens vulnerable to a higher rate of false confessions and miscarriages of justice. It would demonstrate a lack of checks on government power and individuals’ rights, minimizing the integrity of the legal system.
Again, while all the constitutional amendments discussed are critical, the Fifth amendment is focused on for this discussion due to the high importance of protecting individual liberties. The protection against self-incrimination and the guarantee of due process ensures equity and fairness. Without it, citizens would be extremely susceptible to injustice.
Andrea
Amendments of the U.S. Constitution: The 5th Amendment. (2018). [Video/DVD] Big Think. https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/the-fifth-amendment-do-not-break-in-case-of-emergency           
History.com. (2021). Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. https://www.history.com/topics/united-states-constitution/amendments-us-constitution
MIRANDA V, ARIZONA 1966. (2017). In Milestone Documents of American Leaders.
The Fifth Amendment. (2022). In The Constitution Explained: A Guide for Every American.

W7: Drug and Trace Materials Evidence
Week 7 Discussion
1. Discuss the challenges associated with the identification of date rape drugs.
2.  Describe the different types of trace material evidence you may find at a pedestrian involved hit and run homicide. 

Week 4 Assignment
Assignment Content
Watch this video and read chapter 4 (E-communications) page 116 – 124, then answer the following questions:
List three (3) differences AND three (3) similarities between email and memo format.
What does “Bcc” and “Cc” mean in an email? Give a full explanation and example of each.
How do you “close” an email/ List ALL the different options.
What MUST be included in your contact information?
What should you do before sending your email?