Category: Criminal justice

Introduction
The juvenile justice system oversees adjudications for juvenile offenders in juvenile courts. A juvenile offender is a youth under the age of 18 or the age of majority, depending on state statute. A juvenile, or delinquent, is said to commit delinquent acts rather than crimes. This language is consistent with the primary goal of the juvenile system, which is rehabilitation, treatment, and successful reintegration into the community.
For the last 40 years, the United States Supreme Court has rendered several important cases affecting the constitutional rights, treatment, and adjudication of delinquents in the juvenile justice system.
Instructions
Write a one-page summary that includes the history of landmark cases that grant due process rights and procedures to juveniles and your understanding of the following Supreme Court decisions, especially as they pertain to the death penalty and requirements for life imprisonment without parole.
Roper v Simmons.
Graham v. Florida.
Miller v. Alabama.

W2: The Constitution – Desiree Peel
Of the Constitutional amendments we are addressing in this class (Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth), which one is most important? Why?
The fourth amendment affords protection from unreasonable search and seizure by the government. The fifth amendment is the protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy; in addition, it affords rights to a grand jury and due process of law (Legal Information Institute, 2024). 
The sixth amendment affords a list of rights for criminal defendants including right to a speedy/public trial; right to impartial jury; right to know the nature and cause of the accusation; right to confront witnesses; right to compulsory process for obtaining witnesses; and the right to assistance of counsel (Legal Information Institute, 2024).  Lastly in this group of reviewed amendments is the eighth amendment, the protection against cruel and unusual punishment, excessive fines, and excessive bails.
Of these four reviewed amendments, I believe the fifth amendment would be the most important in my opinion.  I chose this amendment because regardless of how a search and seizure is conducted or the potential severity of punishment – an innocent person would have a better chance of both of those being negated if they can fight out their case in a fair and impartial trial with due process adherence.  On the other hand, a guilty person might think protection against cruel and unusual punishment is more important.  It is really tough to pick only one amendment, because the right to counsel is extremely important and feeling safe from unreasonable searches without probable cause is equally significant.   I might lean towards more of a hybrid answer of both the fifth and sixth amendment being of high importance because of the protections by the Miranda Law, including the right to remain silent and the right to counsel (Legal Information Institute, 2024).  These two rights allow for immediate protection against interrogation by law enforcement and then the opportunity to speak with an attorney about the suspected crimes or offenses committed.
References
Legal Information Institute. 2024. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-5/requirements-of-miranda
Legal Information Institute. 2024. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/eighth_amendment
Legal Information Institute. 2024. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fifth_amendment
Legal Information Institute. 2024. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment
Legal Information Institute. 2024. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/sixth_amendment

One question many will explore in domestic violence issues is “Why doesn’t she leave”? Look at the Court’s holdings in Casey Brittle, Morrison and Castle Rock and did the decisions of these cases make it safer or less safe for victims to leave? 

W2: Scientific and Technological ApproachesDiscussion Questions
If profilers are able to identify specific traits and/or characteristics of mass murders, how could criminal justice utilize these predictors to prevent future incidents?
How might cultural bias threaten the objectivity required to investigate a crime scene?

I want informed opinions, therefore, you should have some evidence to support your stance (ie: outside resources, book, lecture).
Compare and contrast victimology & criminology. In what ways are they similar? In what ways are they different? Be specific.

W1 Terrorism – Michaela Wentz
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My apologies for the late post! It was just one of those weeks!
The reality is that no matter how “adequate” our laws and legislative process are terrorists will always slip through law enforcement’s fingers. Legislation like the USA PATRIOT Act has removed barriers for law enforcement agencies to more easily pursue terrorists and stop attacks before they occur. Legislation like the SAFETY Act encourages private sector companies to develop anti-terrorism technologies such as explosive detection devices and cyber security tools without being held liable.
Although not legislation, I would also like to consider Executive Order 13769, aka the Muslim Ban. This executive order temporarily prohibited entry to non-citizens from Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen (predominantly Muslim countries) citing heightened concerns of terrorism. However, none of the deadly terrorist attacks since 9/11 have been carried out by persons who “emigrated or came from a family that emigrated from one of these countries nor were any of the 9/11 attackers from the listed countries.”1
As we assess if legislation such as these is adequate 20+ years after the USA PATRIOT Act was enacted, let’s consider the data. Between 1987 and 2010, at least 176 attacks were unsuccessful or were thwarted by U.S. law enforcement.2 I say “at least” because we cannot actually fully measure something that did not take place. This equates to approximately 7 unsuccessful terrorist acts per year on average, with the peak being 2001-2005. Over that same period, the United States averaged about 28 terrorist attacks per year, but if we look closer, in 1987-2001 we averaged 38 attacks per year compared to 18 per year in 2002-2010.3 Of course, there are nearly innumerable factors contributing to these numbers other than legislation, such as advancements in technology, training, and the many factors of the adversary. However, I think the many efforts, including legislative, by the federal government almost certainly resulted in the post-9/11 decrease.
Now, we as society, the people of this republic, are faced with the question of whether we are okay with giving up some rights for these and future results. I, personally with my current understanding of the federal government, am willing to give up some freedoms in order to be safer from terrorists. Checks and balances exist to protect citizens from overreach by the government. If people think legislation is encroaching too much on their freedoms, they may elect new representatives.
Unfortunately, since 9/11, only one attack inside the U.S. was coordinated by a jihadist foreign terrorist organization. That was the December 2019 attack on Naval Air Station Pensacola. The terrorist was a Saudi Arabian flight student in the class below mine. He sat next to us in class every day and trained with us. I think the families of his victims and my friends who were in that building and locked down elsewhere on base that day would rather the government more stringently monitor who we allow into this country and who is interacting virtually with terrorist organizations. Statistically, terrorists are American citizens and legal residents. Legislation like the USA PATRIOT Act is necessary to enable law enforcement and intelligence agencies to protect us. We as citizens have already agreed to exchange some liberties for the government’s protections.
References:
1 https://www.newamerica.org/future-security/reports/terrorism-in-america/who-are-the-terrorists
2 Dahl, Erik J., The Plots That Failed: Intelligence Lessons Learned from Unsuccessful Terrorist Attacks Against the United States, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol 34, no 8, 621–48, (2011).
3 https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism
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What factors contributed to the emergence of a market for private prisons in the U.S.?  Discuss the relationship between politics, ideology, and private prisons.  How can policy makers optimize the use of private prisons in the criminal justice system?
Essay responses should use APA style rules and be a minimum of 800 words.  It is expected 
that the essay responses will be substantive and well-written with academic support and correct grammar. Minimum of 5 sources.

Case/Topic: Kansas v. Glover (2020) *A United States Supreme Court Case*
The Court: The United States Supreme Court
Write a paper on the discussion of Kansas v. Glover (2020) *The United States Supreme Court Case*, in which you are asked to answer the following:
Required:
1. Provide a complete citation for the case
2. Summarize the underlying facts
3. Explain the issue being decided by the court
4. Describe the court’s ruling or conclusion
5. Explain the court’s reasoning for reaching its conclusions
6. Summarize any concurring or dissenting opinions
7. Explain your personal views on the court’s ruling and reasoning
*Be Specific When Answering the Questions*
More information about the Paper:
– No introduction paragraph and no conclusion paragraph
– The heading does not count toward the total pages
– The paper should focus on answering the questions only and nothing else
– Do not copy/paste sentences/phrases from the article directly
– Use headings and subheadings to organize the paper (if appropriate)
– Include in-text citations, a reference list at the end of the paper, and a Cover Page
– Focus on the APA 7th edition format
– No plagiarism (Show Proof)
– No AI usage (Show Proof)

responding to 5 out of the 9 essay questions including one paragraph for each with a.   personal opinion. 

Research proposals must include the following sections; 1) an introduction of the issue(s) at hand; 2) a review of the relevant literature; 3) a discussion of potential source(s) of data; 4) a plan for sampling and collecting the necessary data; 5) a plan to analyze the data, and; 6) a discussion of the policy implications of this research proposal.
references to use: 
if you find other resources please feel free to find and incorporate it into the essay 
https://learn-us-east-1-prod-fleet02-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com/61aab133e7df2/179233693?X-Blackboard-S3-Bucket=learn-us-east-1-prod-fleet01-xythos&X-Blackboard-Expiration=1715590800000&X-Blackboard-Signature=GauRaZn4M1LvwWGIn5ycB6HZ9ZrHxZNUYytwmFsOXQM%3D&X-Blackboard-Client-Id=100211&X-Blackboard-S3-Region=us-east-1&response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D21600&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27kakar-1996-child-abuse-and-juvenile-deliquency-a-prospective-study.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAMaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIDFERB4yZ8B3DP2vVcNEXTLBxu9R8Xyy0ZB9N5atSwlPAiAX3uFuPRbMz5UnBxLB5opmDeysK56sCyKdHH5vz0y5wCqyBQhsEAQaDDYzNTU2NzkyNDE4MyIMtU%2FZtjxGy%2FNRHW%2FFKo8FqFmk6QxdB8%2BKx0KsZwM2B3qHY9fsGCIM8C0wb0RLN9Q8PXDJff%2Fh2JA%2FzMf3xzrbREaianFSW3RdKUwlAbencYRKIi8lPCpy1Dyek9xeGLkF0PsSJqHpjQxGHSRrz6WngN33VVZlnaE%2Bkeq69qcxJci6eKkdFUpUcle6e%2BT8LYR8FJBwBXeH6xZfxI4j9nxDTzX69swpQw%2BqV8FQj297Rzk3rgXLx4VblCtSo%2F1VCsOwYXM4jaCuNg1kk9LzrstOkJ3Ir3fJNxKdJQLrxb7y1RwsJV8bSQWqBkk4kKSmxKvyAAvUTi6US%2FniUJqaO7Y9RXe%2Bnp4oX5%2BFn4b%2FUN379b7n2OUrdybHXtXACVFOOhc2rDhxVq1a3auh8UqMVOmHbP1nPCgg%2Buawkwba26GlMKdYcCA6ZW8VkNExYFw2keJ9hhaHAEu154kdsEPcyY64P7QJ2kSIAunGx94kGz4WDHO3DR8eGLXAf3RC7fAHN6lyqg0APwzSLFZmobqDjvcJ1XdnCdwBocwZ8X2DmU9fkrUAfsNYsbxZKVH042MUBDI7mUEy6TbVSYFTXEyxc2UzG2t5Oj%2FFnO7ct6oQZIO1Tt9Pk3rJO%2FD4bx08NDI6QizlAwpCSnXd1xGEY3LaKkX0JAANYEpMEV2pDl%2FHVLPVs7VdRPqomGy2XUfctbpsx3lObFQFOSEhwj%2FvaNPUpGYuZ%2F3Qnv7gGF%2BSHjj6vKTlACDv9pGya1unWfJUvPY74j%2FQo65Ph1DltEy7u%2BMe5kZY4%2BTcF2s3t1l6MB10w%2B38pF5uFJ8OMMOZCZNqn0XGbPTUTv9a22Mx1DNKq4%2BMseqKRzOWHh7MpTBtI6EvXMM5aIjKHd1CnQGLlhjlH5L4vjDxgoayBjqyAZ3FWgdPJyR3%2FofkzZOyc6IFf6IxFZbc%2FKySq02R6fjy%2B7h3psJ5bmyB5FWvpy88EPR4uctKaWWD6gqJjY833UpjvDenbY7kDbSvr%2F2uqAF2LH9MvGjEUhHnmChQikmzeW4yC9UKw3ojZP%2B9KiybfX0NEfjrF91Qs2d9u5vfw9zFBZFyYy40JV2OZ9XnL%2BImU8WgWU7b2avE1IfNHSlOnzXxBTd26bWPdc6lLcy1sQSqJX0%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240513T030000Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAZH6WM4PLWXI3RD5Z%2F20240513%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=b8079a4e6cf9f8503c80520d7b9c1171b1fe097cbfcc684bd88a2ea46beb1593
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