Category: Biology

Instructions:
Please answer the questions interspersed below, found under the Activities headings, in a Word document. If you need to add pictures, graphs, etc., go ahead and add them directly into the Word document that you upload. Your answers need to be in your own words.
Objectives:
Apply the scientific method to understand the world around you.
Formulate a testable hypothesis from the information gathered.
Design and perform an experiment to test predictions.
Interpret and apply data.
Create graphical representations of data.
Use the results of your experiment to draw conclusions.
Introduction
Science begins with observations and curiosity. We use science as a process to attempt to understand how the world around us works by asking questions and collecting evidence to answer our questions. The scientific method is the common steps or procedures scientists use to investigate the world. We will learn the steps of the scientific method to help you think like a scientist!
Observe & Question The first step of the scientific method is observation. Interesting or curious observations lead scientists to question the phenomenon or ask what could explain the phenomenon. Hypothesis The second step of the scientific method is to formulate a hypothesis to explain your observations. A hypothesis is an educated, testable guess to answer your above question. Experiment The third step of the scientific method is to form an experiment to test your hypothesis. An experiment is a carefully designed, controlled, and repeatable manipulation of the world to test your hypothesis. The results of the experiment are recorded as data and presented in an appropriate format. Conclusion The final step of the scientific method is to draw conclusions. Based on the results you obtained, the data may support or reject your hypothesis. If necessary, you may change your experiment as you make new observations, develop a new hypothesis, and then redo the whole process. We will use the following observation to illustrate the scientific method:
A scientist observes that a new diet given to his rats appears to cause emaciation (extreme weight loss) and that it is lacking a specific chemical, Y. This leads to the question: “Is Chemical Y an essential component of the rat diet?”
Activity 1: Hypothesize
The scientific process begins when something observed draws interest. Your interest leads you to apply the scientific method to help understand what, why, or how something occurs in the world. In this activity, you will evaluate a few hypothesis statements. Remember that a good hypothesis:
uses clear, well-defined language
can be tested experimentally
An example of a hypothesis for the above scenario would be:
Taking away Chemical Y from the rat diet will lead to weight loss in the rats.
Note: A good hypothesis does not necessarily have to be correct. Answer the following questions:
Activity 1
Use your knowledge of a hypothesis to determine if the following are good hypothesis statements. If not, suggest how they could be changed to be good hypothesis statements.
Chocolate causes acne.
Bark beetles kill trees in the spruce family.
Doritos are better than Lays potato chips. Bacterial growth can be reduced using pesticides.
The sun will rise tomorrow.
In 100 years, people will fly.
Activity 2: Experimentation
Experiments are used to test a hypothesis. They are designed to consider all components, not just the variable being tested. A good experimental design will account for:
Independent variable: the variable that is manipulated in the experiment, or what changes
Dependent variable: the variable that is measured to determine the effect of the independent variable, or what’s measured
Standardized variables: the variables that are intentionally maintained in the experiment, or what’s constant
At least two groups will be analyzed in an experiment: one control group and one experimental group.
Experimental group: the group to receive the treatment or independent variable change
Control group: the group that will not receive the treatment or independent variable change, used to set a baseline or as a group to compare results to
To test our above rat hypothesis, a scientist could split same sex rats into two groups: one that will receive chemical Y in their diet and one that will not receive chemical Y in their diet. The rats must have standardized conditions of treatment, including the same amount of food given at the same times, the same watering amount and schedule, and kept at the same temperature in a similar enclosure. The only difference observed in the two groups should be the presence or absence of chemical Y in their diet. Answer the following questions:
Activity 2
Given the following scenario: You know that caffeine is a stimulant, and you are curious about the effect that it has on heart rate. You design an experiment to test the effects of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia. You obtain 240 Daphnia and divide them into 6 groups, two beakers for each treatment, that will receive: 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% caffeine water solution. Answer the questions below.
Write a hypothesis for the experiment.
Identify the independent variable, … the dependent variable.
What are some variables you would want to remain the same during the experiment?
Identify the control group. Why is a control group important?
Why would you use two beakers for each treatment, or what is the purpose of the repetition?
Activity 3: Data Analysis
Through the course of an experiment, you collect data or results that will need to be presented appropriately and in a way that is easy to interpret. This is done using a mixture of tables, graphs, and other visual aids. Our data from the example experiment could be represented in a table:
Table 1.1 Data from experiment on rats. Weights are represented for rats with Chemical Y in their diet, and those that are Chemical Y deficient.
Chemical Y Added Chemical 7 Deficient
Rat 1:
300 g
Rat 1:
170 g
Rat 2:
302 g
Rat 2:
201 g
Rat 3:
290 g
Rat 3:
163 g
Rat 4:
317 g
Rat 4:
204 g
Rat 5:
405 g
Rat 5:
152 g
Rat 6:
275 g
Rat 6:
215 g
Rat 7:
303 g
Rat 7:
123 g
Rat 8:
392 g
Rat 8:
177 g
Rat 9:
299 g
Rat 9:
219 g
Rat 10:
337 g
Rat 10:
107 g
Since duplicate treatments were performed, we could calculate the average, or mean, rat mass by adding together each treatment and dividing by the total number of treatments.
That would look as follows:
Table 1.2 Data on the average weight of rats.
Chemical Y Added Chemical Y Deficient
Average Rat Mass (g) 322.0 g 173.1 g Now, we can present this data graphically using either line graphs or bar graphs. The type of graph you use depends on the type of data you have gathered. If the data is continuous, meaning there are an infinite number of values for your independent variable, then a line graph would be the appropriate choice. If the data is discrete, meaning there are a limited number of values for your independent variable, then a bar graph would be the appropriate choice. When we represent our data graphically, usually, the independent variable is placed on the X-axis (horizontal) of the graph, and the dependent variable is placed on the Y-axis (vertical) of the graph. The range of values represented on both axis should be only slightly larger than the range of values found in your data. It is essential to include clearly labeled units and for the scale intervals to be the same. Also, it is important to give your graph a title, so viewers know what you are representing. For our rat data example, it would make more sense to use a bar graph. There are only two independent variable possibilities, Chemical Y added or Chemical Y Deficient, which makes it a discrete variable. A graph of the data could be constructed with the presence or absence of Chemical Y on the X-axis and rat mass on the Y-axis. Activity 3
Using the scenario from Activity 2:
Place the below data in a table. There are two trials in each treatment group, with heartbeats per 20 seconds recorded. Include columns in your table for the average number of heartbeats per the 20 second interval for each treatment, and include the average heart rate or beats per minute for each treatment. (Your table should have 5 columns and 7 rows.)
Group 1 (0%): 60 beats, 57 beats
Group 2 (1%): 66 beats, 69 beats
Group 3 (2%): 74 beats, 78 beats
Group 4 (3%): 84 beats, 85 beats
Group 5 (4%): 90 beats, 92 beats
Group 6 (5%): 101 beats, 103 beats
Make a graph of the average heart rate vs. the treatment group. Be sure to include clearly labeled axes with units, a title, and a proper range of values for your data. Would it be more appropriate to choose a bar graph or a line graph to represent this data? Why?
Based on this data, what conclusions can you draw about whether you support or reject your hypothesis from Activity 2. What additional information might you want to gather to help determine the effects of caffeine on heart rate?
Activity 4: Designing an Experiment
For the final activity in this lab, you will be designing and executing your own experiment, applying everything you have learned thus far. To begin, you will need to generate a research question. Make sure your question is something that you can easily execute in a minimal time frame. For example, does distance have an effect on the accuracy of shooting a paper ball into a trash can, or does salt have an effect on the boiling temperature of the water?
Then, you will develop a hypothesis based on your question. Remember, a hypothesis should be clear, well-defined, and able to be tested. From your hypothesis, you will then generate a research plan that you will execute. Be sure to outline:
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Standardized variables
an Experimental group
a Control group
Procedures you will use to test your hypothesis
After you come up with an experimental plan, you will run the experiment. Be sure to gather appropriate data and organize it into a table and graph. Lastly, you will conclude whether the data you gathered supports or does not support your hypothesis. Following our example experiment, the effects of Chemical Y in the diet of rats on their weight, we can conclude that our data support our hypothesis. We had a fairly large difference between the two treatment groups that supports our claim that an absence of Chemical Y leads to weight loss in rats. Answer the following questions:
Activity 4
You will be including a write up here for your mini-experiment that you ran. One of the example questions may be used, the distance and paper balls or salt and boiling water. We will put this in the format of a scientific research paper. You will have an introduction section where you include the research question, variables, experimental groups, and your hypothesis. It may be in a list format, as we are just learning the basics of the scientific process. Next, you will have a methods section that will list your procedures performed during the experiment. The following will be the results section that contains the table and graph of your data. Then, finally, you will have a discussion section that includes your conclusions based on your hypothesis.

The project is for group of student in biology, chemistry & physics class. The project is on experience of collaborative problem solving, the focus being the process rather than product. The group should make connections between different disciplines, developing the ability to approach unfamiliar situation with creativity & resilience, designing modeling solution to local and global problem in a scientific context, and Developing awareness of the ethical environmental economics culture and social impact of science. The research topic is about how the artificial intelligence has revolutionized the field of science. Research on AI technological tool and its impact on each field of science. So the group selected artificial Neural Network and they should creat one research question and attempt to answer the question with a focus on each subject (biology, chemistry &physics) . They should create group presentation that requires intensive research . In-text citation and bibliography at the end are mandatory . The research should follow scientific method; research question, hypothesis, background information, data collection, data analysis, evaluation, conclusions, bibliography. The research question must be detailed and precise. Summary how research question links to all four fields of science (biology, chemistry & physics), hypothesis & overall idea of how the presentation will look like. It is very important to mention the references. The detailed requirements will be attached

1，You will need to choose one of the following two options for your essay topic: 1; The study of animal retroviruses gave insight into all the genes involved in human cancer. Evaluate this statement.
2;Approximately 50% of the human genome comprises repetitive DNA. Evaluate the relative contribution of the various classes of repeat to inherited genetic disease.
2，You need to review two pdf documents I provide please！
3，One is the Essay Guidelines, which you must strictly follow in terms of requirements and structure for essay please ! (This document is very important, make sure to read it carefully please , and each part of the essay should be written according to its specifications please)
4，The other is a Model question + answer.
5，You need to write an essay with a total word count of 850-950 words. Preferably no more than 900 words. The total word count must not exceed 950 please！

The assignment for the week will be to read the articles and then post in the drop box, not a summary of the article but what the article made you think about.
Did you like it? Not like it. Just one page, not a book.
The Longest Home Run Ever
Rookie Aiming High – Word Document (48.8 KB)

Watch the video below twice. Watch once to preview the tests and then again 
to record the results for your lab report. The video demonstrates tests for sugars and 
fats.
Procedure: Select the VIDEO PRESENTATION
IMAGE below to access the lab demonstration.

Document the tests for sugars and fats in a lab report that includes a strong 
title, a hypothesis statement, a purpose statement, a methods section, results, 
and a conclusion section. Use word-processing software, such as Microsoft 
Word and save it to your computer as a .doc, .docx, or .rtf file.

For your signature assignment, compose a 3- to 4-page case analysis (in addition to a title page, abstract, and reference list page) written in APA Style citing at least 3 references with one non-Internet reference. The following should be covered in the paper:
Title Page: Case Title, Full Name, Section, Date, Instructor, and Campus
Abstract: Summarize the case o One non-indented paragraph on a separate page. This will be page 2.
Introduction: The physiological importance of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys for the proper functioning of the human body
Body: Response to the prompts: Organize your analysis with headings that thoroughly answer the prompts (e.g., “Abnormal Glucose Levels” for question 1).Explain each prompt in depth with physiological concepts and provide sufficient evidence from the literature for each prompt. o Include normal physiological ranges (if it applies).
Maintain the order of questions when answering.
Conclusion: Summarize the paper in a paragraph.
Support your opinions with evidence from your readings and research. Review the rubric for complete grading criteria.
Case: End-Stage Kidney Disease
Cynthia, a 53-year-old female presented to the emergency room due to feeling constantly tired, hungry, thirsty, and with frequent urination. Her past medical history is significant for cirrhosis and end-stage kidney disease. Physical examination had revealed yellowish discoloration to the skin, multiple bruises, bilateral edema, and weakness lasting more than three weeks. Laboratory tests were ordered (results provided below) after which she was prescribed metformin and informed to contact a doctor if she starts experiencing nausea, vomiting, fast breathing, and/or lethargy, as metformin has been known to cause metabolic acidosis.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Sodium126 mEq/L
Glucose220 mmol/L
Calcium7.1 mg/dl
Red blood cell count3.9 cells/ul
Iron40 mcg/dL
Albumin2.5 g/dl
Vitals
Blood pressure92/64 mmHg
Hormone Panel
ReninLow
ADHElevated
AldosteroneLow
Vitamins
Vit DLow
Vit KLow
Vit ELow
Vit ALow
Urine and Stool Sample
Stool colorGray
Stool contentIncrease fat content
Urine colorClear
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
GlucosePresent
Answer the following questions regarding Cynthia’s case:
What hormone is not functioning properly causing Cynthia’s glucose levels to be abnormal? Furthermore, explain in depth how this hormone regulates blood glucose levels.
What other hormone(s) are responsible for maintaining normal glucose levels? Explain in depth how they work.
Explain why Cynthia is presenting with excessive thirst (polydipsia), tiredness and hunger (polyphagia), and frequent urination (polyuria).
Explain why Cynthia is experiencing hypotension. How does the body and its various organ systems bring the blood pressure back towards homeostasis?
What do you expect Cynthia’s heart rate and end-diastolic volume (EDV) to be (elevated, normal, or low) and justify your expectation with cardiovascular formulas such as cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV).
What is the importance of iron in the body and the consequence of it being 40 mcg/dL?
Explain in detail what gluconeogenesis is and where in the body it occurs? Knowing that gluconeogenesis helps maintain blood glucose level, what is the effect of metformin on the management of diabetes mellitus type 2?
Looking at Cynthia’s albumin levels, what effect does it have on her (a) blood osmolarity (b) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and (c) urine volume?
Explain how glucose is normally reabsorbed by the kidneys? What is happening in Cynthia’s kidneys resulting in glucosuria and what effect does glucosuria have on her blood pressure?
If Cynthia ends up developing metabolic acidosis, what would the levels of her pH, CO2, and HCO3 be in the blood? Furthermore, how would the body compensate and address both renal and respiratory compensation (optional: show the compensation via a flow chart)?

Instructions
Question 1:
Discuss the significant differences between the flasks used by Pasteur and Spallanzani. How did Pasteur’s investigations settle the theory of spontaneous generation and what were the drawbacks of Spallanzani’s experiment?
Question 2:
Through research, find an article on Koch’s postulates and highlight how Koch’s postulates needed to be revised for today’s understanding of diseases. Use examples to explain.
Question 3:
Algae and Bacteria are both considered microorganisms yet they have fundamental differences in their cell structure and classification. Explain the differences between Algae and Bacteria in terms of their cell structure, mode of nutrition and taxonomic classification.
Question 4:
Pick one scientist in the 20th century who has contributed to the field of Microbiology and describe his contributions. 
Good place to find scientific articles
PubMed
BMC
ASM
Your answers should be detailed and you will be graded on the quality and quantity of your answers. Please provide a minimum of 3 citations in your assignment.  All scientific journals need to be cited in the APA format.

Please answer all the questions in the word document attached (labbook_food science), you must provide in-cite citation and reference list APA 7 edition for all your answers.
This is a scientific lab report, so please write in a style that is appropiate of scientific reports.
There are many pages so it might seem long, but most of it is just information on how to realice the practical. There are not much questions and there is no minimum or maximum of word count, but please don’t be vague as these is a last year bachelor degree level.
Please look at the word document, and don’t be scared about the big content as the questins (not many) are actually not difficult
Please also provide proof of no use of A.I and plagarism free. This is a must!

Given your parasite is Aphidius colemani, write a short paper discuss all following sections. MUST use at least 5-6 references to primary literature to support your arguments.
1) Previous Attempts and Obstacles:
a) Review existing efforts to manage populations of the assigned parasite and evaluate their success or failure.
b) Identify the obstacles that hindered previous eradication, elimination, augmentation or control measures.
2) Ecological Solutions and Experimental Design:
a) Explore creative ecological approaches for addressing the parasite problem.
b) Propose experiments that would test the efficacy of the recommended solutions.
c) Explain how you would evaluate the feasibility of the proposed measures. Depending on what you are proposing, 
Assess the possibility of eradicating the assigned parasite and discuss the challenges involved.
Consider whether elimination is feasible for certain regions and the reasons behind it.
Discuss the potential for control measures and their effectiveness in reducing parasite burden.
Present arguments for or against parasite augmentation as a desirable strategy, and how your findings would be supported by data.
3) Environmental and Economic Context:
a) Evaluate whether the proposed solutions are suitable for the environmental and economic context in which the parasite primarily occurs.
b) Outline any ethical considerations that are being taken into account for the proposed measures.
c) Consider the involvement of various stakeholders, such as government agencies, local communities, and healthcare professionals in the implementation of the control plan.

Hi, Please solve all the problems attached in the Word file. For all questions please refrain from using the textbook, and provide your answers in your own words. Keep your answers concise and avoid writing too lengthy responses.
No internet, or ChatGPT !
I attached the textbook as well.